ENTKOPIUM. 551 



lie eye closed to a greater or lesser extent. The conjiinctivoe 

 become vascular, opaque, thidcened, and ultimately dry and 

 cuticular. There is redness of tlie lids, "with increased secre- 

 tion of tears, and otliex signs of conjunctivitis. 



Very often entropium is congenital, hut it may occur at any 

 time of the animal's existence, from relaxation of the integu- 

 ments of the eyelid and spasmodic contraction of the orhinila/is 

 pcdpehrajnim muscle. Wharton Jones says, " In consequence of 

 tlie firmness and breadth of its tarsal cartilage, and the existence 

 of tlie levator palpebr£B muscle, simple relaxation of the integu- 

 ments of the upper eyelid seldom produces any great degree of 

 entropium ; it merely hinders the eyelid from being freely raised, 

 constituting one form of ptosis (falhng doAvn of tlie upper eye- 

 lid). It is tlie lower eyelid which is most generally the seat of 

 entropium from relaxation." 



In this form of entropium the eyelid is simply rolled back 

 upon itself, sometimes bo much that the margin, with tlie 

 cilia, lies in the inferior palpebral sinus of the conjunctiva.' 

 If tlae finger be applied to the outside of the eyelid, and tlie 

 skin pressed down a little, the margin of the lid starts into its 

 .place, and will continue bo of itself, bo long as the eye is 

 quiescent, but when the animal winks, it will fall back with a 

 jerk into its former state of inversion. 



Treatment consists in tlie excision of a portion of the relaxed 

 integuments. The excised portion should be of an elliptical 

 shape, and of such a breadth, that when the edges of the wound 

 ore brought togetlier, the eyelid will be retained in its proper 

 position, Tliough tJie piece of integument ought to be re- 

 moved from as near as possible to the margin of the eyelid, a 

 sufficient breadth of ekiu mu&t be left at the margin for the 

 insertion of stitchea 



After the exciaion of the fold, tlie edges of tlie wound are 

 to be brought together by metallic sutures, and left without 

 further interference to heal by the first intention. 



I have operated, and alwaj-a with success, upon a great] 

 number of dogs and a few horsuai 



TRICHIASIS AND DISTICniASIS. 



^ Trichiasis is a growing-in of the eyelashes against the eye- 



