FLESH MEAL SHODDY. 137 



died from disease. Usually the fat and gelatine are first 

 removed by steaming. Various other bye-products, e.g., the 

 refuse from the manufacture of "oleomargarine," from the 

 manufacture of tallow, &c., &c., are also used for the same 

 purpose. These products are usually fairly free from grease 

 and contain their fertilising materials in a readily fermentable 

 form. The following table gives their average content of 

 valuable ingredients : 



\I M < German m _.. American tank- 



Meat , e leomaiganne 



Water ... ... 10-0% 28'% 8-5% 1OO% 



Nitrogen ... 7'0% 9-7% 12-1% 6-7% 



Calcium phosphate 27'0% 13-7% 1/9% 2-6% 



Woollen ivasie, shoddy manure. After wool has been spun 

 into yarn, woven into a fabric, and worn, the rags are torn to 

 pieces by appropriate machinery and the wool fibre again 

 converted into cloth. This process may go on several times, 

 until finally the fibres, known as " shoddy," become so short 

 that they will no longer hold together. They then constitute 

 " shoddy waste," or shoddy manure, and are useful as a source 

 of nitrogen. 



Such manure is variable in composition, according to the 

 treatment which the wool has undergone and the amount of 

 oily substances (used in the cloth manufacture) left in it. 

 The following analyses have been published : 



I. II. III. IV. 



Water ... 7'9% 15-8% 19-9% 



Nitrogen... 7'0% 6-5% 6 to 8% 17-0% 



Potash ... 0-3% 1-2% 



Phosphorus Ash = 16'7% 



pentoxide O4 % O35% 



I. English commercial " ground wool." 

 II. American wool waste. 

 III. Shoddy manure of high quality. 

 IV. Average of pure wool. 



Substances of similar composition, sometimes used as nitro- 

 genous manures, are hair from tanneries and horn chips. 



Hair contains about 10 to 14% nitrogen, horn shavings 

 about the same. 



