CULTIVATION AND AN ALTS IS OF PLANTS. 



Cellular tissue, which composes the whol 

 as mosses, seaweeds and the like, is where the 

 oval sacs crowded close together. Peculiarly 

 known as the skin or epidermis. 



Wood tissue consists of long tubes, tapering 

 which form in woody plants what is known as 



Bast tissue consists of long, flexible tubes, 

 in the liber or inner bark, constituting in hemp 

 the manufacture of linen, ropes, etc. 



['oscular tissue consists of long tubes or vc 

 titions between which have been absorbed, ; 

 dotted ducts, spiral vessels, annular bands, etc. 



The chief organs of plants are four, viz. : 

 Each of these is subdivided under difltrent aspe 



e structure of some of the lower orders, 

 whole mass is made up of these minute 

 flattened, they compose the outer layer 



and closed at the ends, placed side by side, 

 wood proper. 



closed at both ends, and is mostly found 

 and flax the portion of those plants used in 



ssels, formed of superposed cells the par- 

 LUid comprises what are variously called 



I, Root; 2, stem; 3, Leaf; 4, Flower. 

 cts and relations. 





■OOTS are the parts bv which tlic plant draws nourishment from the 

 , and are sometimes supplied \\'ith rootlets, holding about the 

 e relation to them that they do to the plant. Roots are of six 

 Is : Fibrous, when composed of tufts of fibers with pores at their 

 points, as in common grasses (i*); repent or creeping-, as in the 

 Couch-grass (2); fusifortn, or spi?idle-skaped, as in the Carrot (3); 

 prcinorse (as if bitten off) when the spindle-shape ends quite abruptly, as in the 

 Plantain (4); tuberous, as in the Potato, where the root comprises one or more 

 ndish, solid masses, fed by rootlets from the soil (5); bulbous, where the root 

 is one round, solid mass, producing buds from the upper surface and rootlets from 

 the lower, as in the Narcissus (6); the bulbous is, however, sometimes a mass 

 of overlapping, fleshy scales, as in the Lily (7), or of concentric coats, as in the Onion. 



Collar. — The collar is that portion of the plant where the root merges into the stem, 

 or where they both unite (S). 



In respect of duration, roots as well as plants are designated and defined as follows: 

 Annuals are such as in one season grow from the seeds, blossom, and ripen their 

 seeds for the following year, and then perish. Among the annuals are to be found many 

 of the most charming of the summer flowei-s, some blooming for short periods of a week 

 or two, and others during the whole season. 



Biennials are such as start from the seed one summer, and spend all their strength in 

 establishing their roots and laying up nutriment for the flowerstalks ()f the following 

 year, when they blossom, ripen seed, and perish, having fulfilled their mission. Some 

 very pleasing flowers are found among this class. In order to have flowers of any of the 

 biennials every year, seeds must be sown «ach \ear, thus calculating 



* Thf jf^^ttres inclosed in parenthc.'.fs. //•. ;tiy t« 410, refer tn the iltttslrattous 

 404 



ar in advance. 



*: 



