/S^^ 



STRICTURE OF PLA.\,TS. 



sa-w-edged, as in the Rose (31); pectinate^ or comb-like^ an expression sometimes used 

 where the edges are a deepl3-cut dentate; dentate^ or toothed, as in the common Hoar- 

 hound (32); incised, or cut, also called laciniate, when slashed or cut more irregular than 

 in the dentate, as in the Fennel; undulate, or wavy, as in the Beech; sinuate, or 

 sinuous, that is, of larger scope than the wavy, but of the same general outline, as in 

 the White-oak ; lobed, when cut in sections, with the incisions reaching about halfway to the 

 midrib, and these may be tivo-lobcd, three-lobcd, etc., according to their number, as 

 already described; cleft, when cut still more deeply, half way down or more toward the 

 midrib — the Latin equivalent fid, as a sufHx, from findo, I cleave, with a qualifying 

 prefix, is very much used in this connection, as pinnatifid, multifid, bifid, etc., denoting 

 respectively cleft like a feather, many-cleft, two-cleft, etc. — farted, when almost reach- 

 ing the midrib; and divided, or bisected, trisected, etc., when incised quite to the midrib. 



In addition to the foregoing divisions, leaves are distinguished, as to form or general 

 shape, by epithets that are sufficiently clear in themselves, or may be readil}' comprehended 

 by reference to the engraving on page 328, viz.: Linear, as in grass; oblong, as in the 

 Chickweed (33); hairlike, as in the Schizanthus (34); strap-shaped, as in the Heath (35); 

 elliptical, as in the Rose (31); oval, or egg-shaped, as in the Apple (36); obovate, or 

 iiivcivcly oval, as in the Juneberry (37); rounded, as in the Round-leaved Violet (38); 

 heart-shaped, as in the Dog Violet (39); inversely heart-shaped, as in the Clover (iS); 

 kidney-shaped, ^s, in the common Water-cress (40); arrow-shaped, as in the Sagittaria 

 (41); angular, as in the Hypatica (42); and sword-shaped, as in the Gladiolus (43). 



Stipules are two winglike appendages that are often found at the base of the leaf- 

 stalk (united with or distinct therefrom), sometimes oblong, as in the Evening Primrose, 

 and at others arrow-shaped, as in the Rose (44). 



Bracts. — These are the small leaves that are sometimes found immediately below the 

 flower-cluster, on its stalk or peduncle, as in the Pentstemon (45, 46), generally green, 

 but occasionally picturesquely colored, as in the Poinsettia. When they appear on 

 the pedicel, they are called bracteoles, as in the Cardamine (47); and when these grow in 

 a circle, or whorl, they are called an involucre, as in the Thistle (48). 



Buds are the germs of the branches, as the seed is of the whole plant, and sprout from 

 the stem as this does from the root; hence the branches might be regarded as secondary 

 stems, or even as individual plants springing from the buds. ■ These buds are called term- 

 inal when they appear at the end of the stem, and lateral when they appear at the sides; 

 the most important of the lateral are the (7 v/ZArri' already mentioned — the others being 

 accessory or supernumerary when two or more supplement the axillary, and adventi- 

 tious when they appear elsewhere than at the axils. 



Estivation, or prjefloration, is the arrangement of the parts of the future flower in 

 the bud before blooming; and is called open, when the calyx and corolla are not closed 

 over the other parts of the flower; valvate, when the several parts meet each other exactly 

 by the edges without overlapping; induplicatc, if the edges are tui'ned in; reduplicate, if 

 turned out; contorted, when the edges are twisted; imbricated, when they overlap; quin- 

 cunxial, if two parts are inside, two outside and one intermediate; vexillary, if one petal 

 inwraps the other parts; plicate, if the tubular corolla or calyx is folded lengthwise; and 

 supervolute, if the folds are wrapped around each other in one direction. 



407 



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