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CULTIVATION AND AN ALTS IS OF PLANTS. 



Bicornes — Two-horned; where the pollen is 40. 

 discharged by two pores or tubes, as in the 



Heath and Cranberry. 41- 



Hesperidae — Myrtles. 42. 



Rotacese — Wheel-form, as the Anagallis. 



Precis — Primroses. 43- 



Caryophylles — Pinks. 44. 



Trihilatie — Maples. 



Corvdales — Tufted, as the Futnitory. 45. 



Putamineic — Pod-like-fruited, as the Caper. 46. 



MultisiliquK— Many-podded, as the Hellebore. 47. 



Rhoeadepe — Soothing, as the Poppy. 48. 



LuridiE — Lurid, as the Nightshade. 49; 



CampanacefE — Bell-like, as the Beliflower. 



Contortae — Twisted back, as the Milkweed. 50. 



Vepreculs — Bushy, as the Daphne. 51. 



Papilionaceie — Butterfly-shaped, as the Pea. 52. 



Lomentacese — With jointed pods, as the Cassia. 



Cucurbitacea; — Curved, as the Gourd. 53. 



SenticosjE — Thorny, as the Rose. 54. 



Pomaceie — Apple. 



Columniferae — Column-like, as the Mallow. 55. 



Tricoccere — Three-kernelod, as the .Spurge. 56. 



Siliquosa- — With long pods, as the Mustard; 57. 



same as Crucifera', or Tetradvnamia. 58. 



PersonatiE — Masked, as the Snapdragon; near- 

 ly same as Didynamia Angiospermia. 



Asperifolise — Rough-leaved, as the Borage. 



Verticillatie — Whorled, as the Holly; nearly 

 equivalent to Didynamia Gymnospermia. 



DumosiE — Swelling, as the Viburnum. 



Sepiariie — With seeds hedged in, as the Jas- 

 mine. 



Umbellata; — Umbrella-like, as the Parsley. 



Hederacese — Ivy. 



StellatiE — Star-like, as the Madder. 



AggregatiE — Scale-like, as the Scabious. 



Compositoe — With massed flowers, as the Sun- 

 flower. 



Amentacea? — With catkins, as the Willow. 



Conifera; — Cone-bearing, as the Fir. 



Coadunata; — United at the base, as the Mag- 

 nolia. 



Scabrida; — Rough, as the Nettle. 



Miscellaneoe — Miscellaneous flowering plants 

 not embraced in the foregoing. 



Filices — Ferns. 



Musci — Mosses. 



AlgiB — Seaweeds. 



Fungi — Funguses. 



.» 



\^^4 TZ^RJVL S YS TEMS. 



e recent botani.sts have developed various natural systems of clas- 

 sification, based on the internal affinities and essential properties of 

 plants. One of the great advantages derivable from such methods 

 is the bringing together into the same groups the plants that approach 

 I nearest to each other in structural characteristics. The}- are of course 

 more philosophical than the artificial methods, vv'hich depended mainly 

 onoutv^rard similarities; but the final determination of the numerous divisions 

 and subdivisions of the vegetable kingdom, and the most appropi-iate nomen- 

 clature, has not yet been reached. The investigations of specialists are con- 

 tinually bringing to light new peculiarities, or differences that had escaped the 

 notice of earlier observers. And hence every new writer on botany devises a 

 method which is assumed to be an improvement on what preceded him. 

 distinguished native botanist. Dr. Asa Gray, of Harvard University, whose ele- 

 mentary works on botany ha-\e been declared by competent criticism to be " unsurpassed 

 in the language for precision, simplicity, perspicuity and cornprehensiveness," has formed a 

 very elaborate system, mainly natural, but with a slight admixture of the artificial method. 

 The following table, showing a natural system, has been constructed, mainly from the 

 "Genera Plantarum" of the late Austro-Hungarian botanist, Stephen Ladi.slaus Endlicher: 



416 



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