48 THE COCCIDAE 



as these structures are concerned, from all the other subfamilies. 

 The lack of anal lobes and anal setae in all stages, the presence 

 of a large number of ocellanae forming almost a complete ring 

 about the head in the adult male, the eleven segmented antennae 

 of the adult female, the three segmented rostrum, and the seven 

 segmented antennae of the nymph, which in most nymphal coccids 

 generally consists of only six segments, show the single species 

 belonging to this subfamily, the Phenacoleachiinae, as a generalized 

 one. The abdominal spiracles are not mentioned and are assumed 

 to be wanting. These characters show it as a group early separated 

 from the stem of the Specialized Coccids and, while associated in 

 the synopsis with the Ortheziinae, is related to them only by the 

 presence of an anal ring and the lack of anal lobes. This list of 

 characters also shows that the group does not belong with and is 

 not related to those specialized species of Eriococcinae which have 

 lost their anal lobes. The body of the female, judging from the 

 description, is evidently provided with cerores grouped to form 

 cerari which excrete lateral pencils of wax, a condition charac- 

 teristic of many eriococcids. The absence or presence of anal 

 lobes and anal setae makes possible the division of the subfamilies 

 assigned to the Anal Ring Type into two groups, the Anal Lobe 

 Lackers, including the Ortheziinae and the Phenacoleachiinae, and 

 the Anal Lobe Possessors. 



The Anal Lobe Possessors consist of two groups, the Anal Ring 

 Conservers, including the Eriococcinae, the Tachardiinae, and the 

 Lecaniinae, in which both anal ring and anal lobes are typically 

 well developed, and the Anal Ring Loosers in which the anal ring 

 is gradually suppressed in the adult or older nymphal stages. 

 Each of the subfamilies of the Anal Ring Conservers represents a 

 distinct independent line of development. The Eriococcinae have 

 the body covered with cerores which typically excrete a mealy 

 covering. The cerores may be associated with setae along each 

 lateral margin of the body and with the anal setae, forming cerarae, 

 the marginal mealy pencils of wax. The distinctly segmented 

 body, the prominent segmented antennae, the legs of normal form 

 and size are characteristic. This series of subfamilies as well as 

 the remaining subfamilies except the Conchaspinae lack abdominal 

 spiracles, but the thoracic spiracles are distinct and typical in 

 location. The prominence of the anal ring and anal lobes and 

 anal setae in the first nymphal stage of most species are indicative 

 that these structures are characteristic of this group. 



