108 THE COCCIDAE 



increase in the size of the body, do not appear so large and so out 

 of proportion with the remainder of the body. There is no 

 difference in the anal ring, the anal ring setae, and the anal ring 

 cerores between those of a nymph and those of the adult. The 

 adult antennae contains from four to nine segments, the number 

 varying with the genus. 



While abdominal spiracles have not been found in all the 

 species of Orthezia, they have been found in all the species exam- 

 ined and it is probable that when all the species have been inspected 

 for abdominal spiracles they will be found to be present. The 

 evidence seems to point to the presence of seven pairs of abdominal 

 spiracles in all species. Newstead was unable to find abdominal 

 spiracles in Newsteadia and Ferris did not find them in Nipponor- 

 thezia. 



The life cycle of the male has not been described. The females 

 of insignis frequently occur upon plants in such numbers that the 

 plants are white with them, but the number of males is always 

 very small in comparison to the number of females. It is likely, 

 judging from the published accounts, that the nymphs of the male 

 are active during the first nymphal stage, but become more elongate 

 during the second nymphal stage when they excrete loose woolly 

 fibres of wax or dense masses of white wax which are used to form 

 a cocoon. The insect is quiescent during the remaining nymphal 

 stages. The wing-pads and developing legs of the adult soon 

 become distinct. 



The males in maensariensis have large compound eyes with 

 three ocelli placed on the vertex between the compound eyes. 

 There are probably two in the other species which are located 

 cephalad of the compound eyes. They are wanting in Newsteadia. 

 The caudal end of the abdomen bears a pencil of delicate glassy 

 threads of wax. 



The species and the genera in part are based upon the number, 

 size, and form of the lamellae or plates attached to the dorsal and 

 lateral aspects of the body. It is unfortunate that the number 

 .and form and arrangement of the various groupes of pilacerores 

 which form these lamellae have been neglected and structures that 

 are extremely fragile and easily broken have been used instead. 

 "It is difficult when the various descriptions are compared tc 

 determine just what is meant. No one has attempted to stand- 

 ardize the nomenclature. The following names are suggested for 

 the plates. Care has been used in selecting these names so that 



