156 THE. COCCIDAE 



provided with pilacerores, octacerores are rarely present. Ceratubae 

 are frequently present. The body is never enclosed in a resinous cell 

 with three adjacent openings or covered by a scale with or without 

 exuviae, is often naked or nearly so, sometimes enclosed in a compact 

 ovisac and sometimes excreting a mass of doughy wax from the ventral 

 cerores in which the eggs are laid. The rectum is never provided with 

 a long glassy tube of wax or with a chitinized rectal tube bearing rings 

 of anacerores. The body is frequently naked and sometimes gall-like in 

 form, but if so, always provided with normal antennae and legs and anal 

 ring and anal ring setae. 



The nymphs of all stages are provided with a rostrum and rostralis. 

 The three pairs of legs are present in the first nymphal stage and usually 

 in all the others, particularly if they are present in the adult, and are 

 similar in form. The profemora are never greatly enlarged and the 

 prothoracic legs are never fitted for digging. The body is provided with 

 an anal cleft, rarely wanting, and with opercula in different stages of 

 migration from margin of body to cephalic end of anal cleft in nymphs 

 of different ages. The anal ring is always distinct and bears six to ten 

 or more anal ring setae. The anal lobes and anal setae, as such, are 

 present only in the first nymphal stage. Octacerores are rarely pres- 

 ent, pilacerores or ceratubae are never present. The caudal end of the 

 rectum may be strongly chitinized, but is never modified into a rectal 

 tube provided with one or more rings of anacerores excreting a long 

 glassy tube of wax. The caudal abdominal segment is never protuberant. 



The male has ocellanae, the number varying with the genus. The 

 abdomen is not provided with long lateral filaments or tufts of long 

 wax filaments, but may bear two long thread-like caudal filaments of wax. 

 The stylus is short and conical. 



The members of this subfamily are, as a rule, when denuded 

 of their wax, homogenous in appearance, not only as adults but as 

 nymphs. The most striking features in the adult female are the 

 mesal slit or cleft at the caudal end of the body which, except in a 

 few genera where the two sides of the slit have fused with an 

 obliteration of the line of fusion, is rarely absent. There is a 

 corresponding slit in the young nymphs, bounded on each side by 

 a distinct lobe or plate, an operculum, which bears a single large 

 anal seta and frequently one or more other smaller setae. 



There is considerable variation among the numerous genera as 

 to the amount of wax excreted, which gives the body of the adult 

 female a very different look according as to whether the amount 

 of wax is large or small. The amount of wax formed by the nymph 

 except in certain genera is as a rule not large, so that the body of 

 the great majority of the species is generally stated to be naked. 

 The genera Lecanium, Saissetia, Physokermes and their allies are 

 such genera and are said to have the body naked. This is not 



