260 



THE COCCIDAE 



than that of the projections between them. The descriptions and 

 figures of certain species would suggest that this tribe contained 

 species transforming in a puparium that had not only retained 

 their genacerores but that their pygidia were provided with typi- 

 cal lobes and pectinae or plates. Many writers content them- 

 selves with studying only the pygidium of the adult female and it 

 is not impossible that some have figured and described the pygi- 

 dium of the second nymphal female as that of the adult. This 

 may account for the presence of primary lobes and pectinae in 

 the pygidium of certain adult females or it may be that the pri- 

 mary lobes and pectinae have not been lost. Lindinger and Green 

 figure and describe the pygidium not only of the adult female but 

 also of the second nymphal female. The structure of the 

 pygidium of this latter stage is more useful in determining the 

 tribal location and the specific limits of those species transform- 

 ing in puparia than the pygidium of the adult female. 



The common name of The White-shield Scales is derived from 

 the name of the typical genus, Leucaspis, which is derived from 

 the Greek words meaning white and shield. The scale of the adult 

 female is generally light in color, often snowy white. They are 

 always greatly elongated with the single exuvia, the first nymphal, 

 at one end. This exuvia bears the remains of the antennae as 

 porrect structures. The scales vary in outline from those with 

 parallel sides to those that are pyriform. The puparium or sec- 

 ond exuvia is large, occupying the greater part of the scale so that 

 there is only a narrow thin peripheral area of excretion or wax, 

 which may extend as projections beyond the first exuvia and be- 

 yond the caudal end as described for cockerelli by Green. The 

 scale of the male is usually smaller, but similar in form with 

 a single exuvia. It is white in color, but never longitudinally 

 carinate as in the white male scales of many Diaspidini. 



The body of the adult female is greatly elongated, and re- 

 sembles superfically many species of Lepidosaphes. The two ends 

 are bluntly rounded or sub truncated, and the sides vary from 

 subparallel to slightly convex. The segmentation of the thorax 

 and abdomen is fairly distinct. The spiracerores are usually dis- 

 tinct and, when they have been more carefully examined and re- 

 ported upon, may be found of considerable value in the separa- 

 tion of species. The mesospiracerores are generally present and 

 consist of three to twelve cerores, while the metaspiracrores are 

 frequently wanting. Authors in describing the spiracerores 

 usually do not mention the metaspiracerores when they are want- 



