44 



HOAV PLANTS GROW. 



in a Quince-loaf: h, the blade; p, the footstalk ; and st, the stipules, looking like a 

 jiair of lillle blades, one on each side of the stalk. But many leaves have no 

 stipules ; many have no footstalk, and then the blade sits directly on the stem (or is 

 sesst'lc), as in Fig. 138. Some leaves even have no blade; but tliis is uncommon; 

 for in foliage the blade is the essential part. There- 

 fore, in describing the shape of leaves, it is always 

 the blade that is meant, unless something is said to 

 the contrary. 



121. Leaves are either simple or compound. They 

 are simple when the blade is all of one piece ; co7n- 

 poujid, wlien of more than one piece or blade. Fig. 

 128 to 132, and 133, are examples of compound leaves, 

 the latter very compound, having as many as eighty- 

 one little blades. 



122. Tlicir Structure and Yeining. Leaves are com- 

 posed of the same two kinds of material as stems (110), 

 njmiely, of wood or fibre, and of cellular tissue. The 

 woody or fibrous part makes a framework of ribs 

 and veins, Avhich gives the leaf more strength and 

 toughness than it would othei-wise have. The cellu- 

 lar tissue forms the green pidp of the leaf. This is 

 spread, as it were, over the framework, both above 



and below, and supported by it ; and the whole is protected by a transparent skin, 

 which is termed the Epidermis. 



123. Piibs. The stouter pieces or timbers of the framew^ork are called Ribs. 

 In the leaf of the Quince (Fig. 82), Pear, Oak (Fig. 120), &c. there is only a single 

 main rib, running directly through the middle of the blade from base to jioint ; this 

 is called the Midrib. But in the Mallow, the Linden (Fig. 83), the Maple (Fig. 

 84), and many others, there are three, or five, or seven ribs of nearly the same size. 

 The branches of the ribs and the branchlets from them are called 



124. Veins and VcinlctS. The former is the general name for them ; but the finest 

 branches are particularly called Veinhts. Straight and parallel veins or fine ribs, 

 like those of Indian Corn, or of any Grass-leaf, or of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 

 3, 85), are called Nerves. This is not a sensible name, for even if in some degree 

 like the nerves of animals in shape, they are not in the least like them in use. 



