CANADIAN FISHERIES EXPEDITION, 191Jrl5 



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fig. 18. We see, then, that the peculiar phenomenon may arise of the wind occasioning 

 a surface current in a direction opposite to its own, on the weather shore. This I 

 have, as a matter of fact, frequently observed myself in the Gullmarfjord, on the west 

 coast of Sweden. When the wind is blowing directly onshore, a situation exactly 

 identical with that shown in fig. 18 may arise. Should it, however, be blowing 

 obliquely towards land, then this will occasion a screwing movement in the triangular 

 inset, also probably in that beneath, vide fig. 19, showing direction of the wind and 

 movement of the water in Gullmarfjord, seen from above. The respective densities of 

 the water layers in the gulf of St. Lawrence are so similar to those in the Gullmarfjord, 

 that the same phenomenon should also be of frequent occurrence there. 



Fig. 19.— Wind and wind currents in the Gullmarfjord. 



At the point where the two surface currents meet, all floating objects, such as 

 driftwood, cork, froth, etc., will collect; this line is therefore easily distinguishable. 

 Off the west coast of Sweden, there is, as a rule, a line of this sort generally to be seen 

 running parallel with the shore. This is the boundary line between the Baltic current 

 and the heavier water outside. When the fishing boats sail from Marstrand out to 

 sea, they often follow one another in a straight line. On passing this boundary, how- 

 ever, their line is broken, and the boats outside do not move in the same direction as 

 those within the margin, although steering the same course, and with their sails set 

 just as before. This is evidently due to the fact that the movement of the water is 

 not the same inside and outside the boundary line. A fisherman who had set his drift 

 net out one night right across the line, had it cut clean across, and the pieces drawn 

 into the mass of floating refuse. Next day he sailed northward along the line and 

 found them there. This shows that high relative velocities are to be fomid in this 

 drift line, which was only to be expected, after what we have seen in fig. li). 



The underlying strata are also affected, through friction, by the layers acted on 

 directly by the wind. And it may then occur that even the cold deep water, when 



