VII. WINTER 



TWIG OF BLACK 



WALNUT 



-a 



c- 1 



In the Elms, Willows, Basswood and many other species the 

 terminal bud and a small portion of the tip of the twig dies 

 and drops off in late autumn, leaving a small scar at the end of 

 the twig (a, fig. vi). The presence of this tip-scar indicates that 

 the terminal bud is absent. Often a 

 lateral bud will be found very close to 

 the tip-scar (b, fig. vi), which, bending 

 into line with the twig, makes it appear 

 terminal. However, the presence of a 

 leaf-scar immediately below it shows it 

 to be a lateral bud (c, fig. vi). In some 

 large twigs the eye unaided will serve to 

 find the tip-scar, but with the smaller 

 twigs a hand-lens is necessary. 



The arrangement, size and shape of 

 the leaf-scars (c, fig. vn) are important 

 factors in identification by winter char- 

 acters. Within the leaf-scars are one or 

 more dots (d, fig. vn), sometimes quite 

 inconspicuous, often very prominent. 

 These are the scars left by the fibro- 

 vascular bundles which run through the 

 petiole into the blade of the leaf, and 

 are designated as bundle-scars. There 

 may be only one as in Sassafras and 

 Hackberry, two as in Ginkgo, three as 

 in the Poplars and Cherries, or many; 

 and they may be arranged in a U- or 

 V-shaped line, or they may be without 

 definite order. Often stipule-scars 

 (d, fig. vi) occur on either side of the 

 leaf-scar; these are scars left by the 

 fall of a pair of small leaflets called stipules and located at the 

 base of the leaves, and their form varies according to the form 

 of the stipules which made them. 



BARK. The woodsman uses the bark of a tree more than 

 any other character in distinguishing the trees about him, and he 

 is often able to use this character alone with much accuracy at 

 great distances. However, the appearance of bark differs so 

 greatly with the age of the tree and with its environment that 

 xvi 



a. Terminal bud. 



b. Lateral bud. 



c. Leaf-scar. 



d. Bundle-scars. 



e. Pith. 



