Leaves are either persistent, as in most of our conifers, 

 which stay green all winter, or they turn various colors with the 

 frost and fall early in autumn; often they hang dead and lifeless 

 far into the winter. The points about leaves which we are 

 accustomed to consider are the position or arrangement of the 

 III. LEAF MARGINS 



Serrate. Doubly Serrate. Crenate. Undulate. 

 Dentate. 



Sinuate. Lobed. 



IV. PARTS OF A FLOWER 



leaves on the branch, whether simple or compound, size, shape, 

 texture, color, amount and character of pubescence, character of 

 the margin, venation, etc. The following diagrams will serve to 

 illustrate some of the ordinary forms and shapes of leaves, their 

 margins, etc. 



FLOWERS. Every tree when old enough bears flowers in 

 its proper season. Some of these, as the Catalpas, Locusts and 

 Horse-chestnuts are 

 very showy, others, 

 like the Oaks and . 

 Hickories, are compar- 

 atively inconspicuous ; 

 some are brilliantly 

 colored, others are of 

 the same color as the 

 leaves. Nevertheless, 

 the flowers are very ac- 

 curate means of clas- 

 sification, and _ their perfect Flowcr 

 only drawback is that 

 they last for such a f^ /SSia). 

 short period of time |j. |*g*n- 

 each year. e. Anther. 

 xiii 



Stamen. 



Pistil. 



f. Filament. 



g. Stigma, 

 h. Style. 



i. Ovary. 



