144 THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE 



Chapter iv. of '' Nursery -Book," for full directions for making 

 and growing cuttings. 



238a. Two cions inserted in a cleft in the stock are shown in 

 Fig. 53. The cambium layers come together in the cion and 

 the stock. A "bud" cion is shown in Fig. 54, and the operation 

 of shoving this down between the bark and wood of the stock 

 is seen in Fig. 55. 



239a. The waxing of a stock is illustrated in Fig. 56. The 

 tying of a bud (by soft cord or bast) is shown in Fig. 57. 



240a. The common style of grafting is suggested in Figs. 53 

 and 56. This is known as cleft-grafting, from the splitting of 

 the stock. It is the style nearly always employed in orchard 

 trees of apples and pears. 



241a. Shield -budding is the common style. It is illustrated 

 in Figs. 54, 55, 57. The buds are cut at the time of the bud- 

 ding, the leaves being at once taken off to prevent evaporation ; 

 but a bit of the leaf-stalk is usually left to serve as a handle, 

 as seen in the picture. Peaches, cherries, plums, oranges, are 

 usually budded. 



2416. In all kinds of grafting and budding, the operator 

 must be careful to select cions, or buds, from only those varie- 

 ties which he desires to perpetuate. The stocks used by nur- 

 serymen are seedlings ; but even if the plant is grafted, it can 

 be grafted again, the same as if it were a seedling. In most 

 cases, a variety is grafted on another plant of the same general 

 kind, as a peach on a peach, an apple on an apple, a plum on 

 a plum ; but there are cases in which one kind or species is 

 grafted on a different species: (a) to secure a dwarf plant, by 

 grafting on a slow-growing root (as pear on quince), or (&) be- 

 cause seeds of the given species are rare, and a closely related 

 stock is therefore substituted. For extended accoimts of bud- 

 ding and grafting, refer to "Nursery-Book," Chapter v. 



