elephant, like its Siberian congener, the Elephas Primigenius or 

 Mammoth, is distinguished from the Mastodon by its peculiar dental 

 structure and clothing of hair and wooly fur evidenced by specimens 

 found intact in the Arctic ice fields of both continents. The molar 

 herewith illustrated weighs four and three-fourths pounds, is eight 

 inches in length at its crown, three and a half inches in width, and 

 five and a half inches from crown to point of fracture in the root ; 

 a small portion of the crown and base is absent, also the extremity 

 of the root. 



The Mastodon has eight tuberculated or mastoid molars, and 

 two upper and two lower incisors or tusks, though the latter are 

 usually absent in the mature animal. The molar of the Mammoth, 

 of which there are six on each side above and below, presents a 

 flattened or corrugated grinding surface in transverse ridges of 

 cementine and dentine, the number and arrangement of which in 

 classification determines the species. , 



The Mammoth has no inferior incisors. In the adult males 

 the upper incisors or tusks often attain a length of nine or ten feet, 

 with tendency to spiral form. Different specimens, however, present 

 great variations in curve from nearly straight to almost complete 

 circle. The external characteristics for which the Mammoth was dis- 

 tinguished was its dense clothing, not only of long, coarse outer hair, 

 but also a close under wooly hair of a reddish brown color, adapting 

 the life of the animal to a colder climate. Its average size was about 

 that of the largest existing 'elephants. The Mammoth belongs to 

 the post tertiary or phistocine epoch, and it was undoubtedly con- 

 temporaneous with primeval man. 



The space here alloted our subject permits only of a cursory 

 local treatment, the bearings of which on the general theme are 

 most interesting and important. Its relations to the Glacial period 

 have received the able exposition of distinguished scientists on both 

 continents, whose learned conclusions are accessible to every student 

 of paleology. 



The subject is actively engaging the attention of the great 

 schools, and resulting in many startling discoveries affecting the 

 progress of life on the globe. 



Dr. Warren, in his work on the Mastodon gigantius of North 

 America, describes about thirty species. The evidence is conclusive 

 that long aso these huge animals and their congener, the elephant, 

 pervaded this continent in great numbers. 



The Western continent has come to be regarded by historians 

 and archaeologists as a fertile field for research and study of pre- 

 historic man and his environments in the distant past. In later 

 years the progressive exploration and settlement of the country has 

 brought to light a vast region in the west which abounds in weft 



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