No. 4.] STABLE VENTILATION. Ill 



arranged to take the foul air from the bottom of the stal)le ; 

 iu equally good stables it is arranged for it to escape from 

 the top. In some, fresh air enters near the floor; in others, 

 near the ceiling. Some builders provide separate openings 

 for the admission of fresh air and the escape of the foul ; 

 while others, still, provide at great expense shafts, ducts and 

 cupolas, that shall serve as both inlets and outlets. 



The arrangement of the inlets and outlets is frequently 

 such that it is by no means possible for them to serve the 

 purpose for which they have been intended. 



In some of the more modern barns, in the construction of 

 which large sums of money have been expended, there exist 

 the worst of sanitary conditions, — even worse than in the 

 old-style stable of fifty years ago. In the latter no attempts 

 were made to secure good sanitary conditions, no thought 

 was given to supplying fresh air for the occupants of the 

 stable. Every efibrt was directed toward keeping the stable 

 warm by excluding the outside air. In spite of all these 

 efforts, the animals received a liberal supply of fresh air 

 through openings in the walls. At that date matched l)()ards 

 were difficult to secure, hand-shaved clapboards were too ex- 

 pensive for use upon stables, and rosin- sized sheathing paper 

 had not been thought of. Open barn cellars at that time 

 were the rule and not the exception. The inevitable results 

 of such a form of construction were a cold, airy, uncomfort- 

 able barn ; but animals kept in such buildings were tough 

 and hardy, with strong disease-resisting constitutions. 



With the advent of greater demands and higher prices for 

 dairy products it became apparent to the dairyman that he 

 could increase the products by keeping the animals warm. 

 Practical experience soon taught that a cold stable and a full 

 milk pail were incompatible elements. The agricultural 

 press and agriculturists have for the past twenty-five }ears 

 been instructing the farmer that to secure the greatest return 

 from his animals it was necessar\' that they be ke[)t warm. 



The results of this teaching are to be observed to-day in 

 the old as well as in the modern stable. In the former the 

 cellars have been closed, the cracks in the walls have been 

 battened over, and so far as possible every opening through 

 which fresh air could get in has been tightly closed ; in 



