62 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 5. 



carr5dng out five sets of experiments in which serum of rabbits immunized 

 with heated cultures of human typhoid, fowl typhoid and Bad. pullorum, 

 considered that the agglutination tests were sufficiently definite to enable 

 them to group the fowl typhoid and pullorum types together, both demon- 

 strating the same intimate relation to tj^Dhoid bacilli. Again, in another 

 paper (3), these writers demonstrated that fowl typhoid has many diag- 

 nostic features in common with the human t^^phoid bacillus, namely, the 

 behavior toward carbohydrates and the agglutination reactions. 



Rettger and Koser (4) carried out agglutination tests using reacting 

 sera from rabbits immunized by subcutaneous injections, first of killed 

 suspensions and later of living suspensions of Bad. pullorum and Bad. 

 sanguinorium. Five days after the injections of heated vaccine, the rabbits 

 were bled and the agglutinative power of the sera tested against definite 

 suspensions of both Bad. pullorum and Bad. sanguinarium. No difference 

 in agglutination properties was manifested. Attempts were made to in- 

 crease the agglutination titre by the injection of living organisms. The 

 titre remained the same and no change in the agglutinative ability of the 

 two sera was manifested. Although these organisms have several char- 

 acters in common, and particularly the serological reactions, they consti- 

 tute two separate and distinct types, each bearing a specific relationship 

 to the disease with which it has been associated, namely, either bacillary 

 white diarrhcea or fowl typhoid. Taylor (5) concludes from his studies 

 on fowl typhoid that the lesions produced in fowls which are infected with 

 Bad. sanguinarium resemble in many respects those produced by Bad. 

 pullorum, but, although there is a still closer resemblance in the biological 

 characters of the two organisms, there is enough difference to warrant the 

 conclusion that they are distinctly different diseases. Ward and Gallagher 

 (6), studying forty-seven birds for comparison of agglutination and intra- 

 dermal tests on naturally infected birds, report the absolute failure of each 

 test as judged by the other test and by an autopsy, findings being similar 

 in amount. Field tests on two hundred and thirty-one birds made simul- 

 taneously with the agglutination test at thirty-eight hours failed to detect 

 one case reported positive to the other test. 



Pfeiler and Rehse (7) present the clearest description of an epidemic 

 in fowls due to the fowl typhoid bacillus. The feraientative reaction 

 showed the organism to be similar to the human typhoid bacillus. Accord- 

 ing to Goldberg (8) the principal differences between the strains of Bad. 

 pullorum and Bad. sanguinarium studied lie in the fact that Bad. pullorum 

 produces gas in various carbohydrates while Bad, sanguinarium lacks 

 this power in any of the carbohydrates he used, which included sugar-free 

 media containing dextrose, lactose, saccharose, mannite, dextrine, inuline, 

 galactose, levulose, raffinose, amygdalin, arabinose, adonite, dulcite, xylose, 

 salicin, isodulcite, mannose, starch, glycerine, erythrol. The difference in 

 gas production, as well as in their actions on milk, maltose, dulcite, dex- 

 trine, and isodulcite seems to indicate that these two organisms are distinct 

 species of bacteria. 



