1502 



KASPBERRY 



conditions would not warrant the growing of fruit to be 

 sold fresh. Hybrids of li. strir/osus and B. occiden- 

 talis — known as M. Herilectiis — have given the purple- 

 cane class, of which Shaffer (Fig. 2082) is a leading 

 example. For further note.s on species of Raspberry, 

 see Jiiibits. 



Raspberries aro pxtnisivi Iv irrown in the northeastern 

 states. Theytliin.' li. -r HI .1. tp. moist soil. The lighter 

 loams are preti i iM. i. i i. .N mil the heavier loams for 

 blacks. The i.iimj. .--mrid i- that the land shall be 

 able to withst.uiil .Innu-lit w. 11; hut it must not be over- 

 wet. .Mil. li lii i\ li. .l.iiii- to improve the di-ought-resist- 



ous It in :\ li. iiii|ii.ix. .1 by nnderdraining or subsoiling. 

 Thi^ will iii.'\i(i. a ilcejier reservoir for the storage of 

 moisture. Still more important is the proportion of 

 vegetable matter. A soil rich in humus admits water 

 more readily and in larger quantities, retains it longer 



RASPBERRY 



ments for a series of years, judging from the first crop 

 only. No one can tell the grower how to fertilize his 

 plants; the question must be settled upon his own farm. 

 Cover-crops have not been extensively used, but are 

 likely to receive more attention. Where crimson clover 

 will thrive it is well adapted to the purpose, although 

 somewhat difficult to uproot in spring. 



Planting may be done in fall or spring, but spring is 

 to be preferred for black-caps. Plants secured from 

 young plantations are preferable, since they possess 

 greater vigor and are less likelv to carry disease. The 

 individuality of the parent-plant, while generally dis- 

 regarded, may be a determining factor in the profitable- 

 ness of the off'spring. Black-cap plants are obtained by 

 burying the tips of the growing cane», late in summer, 

 when they begin to thicken and throw out roots. When 

 thoroughly rooted, the layer is severed and the "tip" 

 (Fig. 2083) is used for planting. Reds throw up numer- 

 ous suckers from the roots and these are oftenest used 

 111 |il.iiiting, though root-cuttings are available. For 

 II .1 li\ planting the young suckers, moved in early 

 - mil I. r, may be used. Plants are preferably set In 

 . Ii. . k 1..WS, six or seven feet apart, with j.lants four to 

 M\ i..t apart in tlip row. ( 'n.s« cultivation in early 



\Vi 



•thods 

 ear of 

 better 



farm methods t 

 omitted. 



Thorough tillage should be given till midsummer, 

 when a cover-croj) sljoul.l In- sown. In t ^pi oially drv 



2081. Box of Cuthbert Raspberries (X 



and therefore resists drought better than one that is de- 

 ficient in humus. Humus may be increased by the ap- 

 plication of stable manure and by plowing under green 

 crops, but the process must be gradual. Undecayed 

 vegetable matter is not humus, and its addition in 

 lal-;,'.. .|iialititi./s may .•.u._'in.iit tli.' .lilK.-ulty which the 

 iii.-r.ii-.' ill liuiiius 1- .|.-iL'ii..| I., .■..rn-ct. Thorough 

 -.ill |..-.'|iaraii.iii iiiii-i t ] i . r. ■ I . .r.. I. .-in s.'Vfral years pre- 

 vi..u- 1.. i.laniin-. if fli.' I;iii.| li;i. li.-.-n improperly 



are till- li..|.lin:.' ..f iiiir...j. i.|, , i its loss, and the 



unlo.'kiiiL.' .if iiiiii.ial . I. I : .■ soil. Thewell- 



known fiiit that lirami.;. - i.i,.. -..,.11 in virgin soil, 



'n-" i> .ia. I., ilii iibuudauce of humus 



I I . I I . iiia\ be protected in win- 



t i I i . .11-' thtm dawn and covering them 

 nil . mil Til do this loosen the soil at 

 II. s| \, t till' root and bend the plant in 

 III If .hi. I 11. ill. The plants are usuallv bent 

 111 the ihrai-tion of the row so that the tops 

 will lap over the crowns. 



The young shoots of black-caps should be 

 nipped ii£C as soon as they reach a height of eighteen to 

 twenty-four inches, that a well-branched self-supporting 

 bush may be obtained. In spring following, the branches 

 should be shortened to one to two feet. This spring 

 pruning is the fruit-thinning process of the year and 



nrer the 



and the less 

 Id the prun- 



is, m. .I..nl... I'li-L'. iv .ia. I, 



Stal.l I'.i'inissible as a fertilizer, except 



form. I I. -I I in n growing on moist, rich soil, in 



whii-h .a-. It f.iiv. s growth too much. Leijuminous 



crops may furnish all the nitn.Ljiii i..|. Floats, 



ground bone or basic slag will sii| li,. acid, 



and potash may be obtained fr. Ill I i r muriate 



of potash. Upon the soil of tin- I: I ■ i Kxperi- 



ment Station, which is a light sail.: : jiavelly 



subsoil, the addition of nitrogi n asi- the 



yield, although the soil is not na' . ami ni- 



trogen has been applied annuall\ i i a -. in- ..i years. 

 Other crops have been upon the land uniil n-cently. 

 Even plots from which mineral elements have also been 

 omitted do not fall far behind those which have been 

 liberally dressed with the three essential fertilizing ele- 



ild be done with jmU'iuent. The 

 the less able it is t.. witli-taii.l di-.n 

 intensive the culturn. tin- iii..i-.' s. .,r 

 ing be. Anthraoin.s.' niav -iv. 1. ss 



but the }-ii'lil \\ 1 11 I ill-".!':'. Wi'l. r. .'Is summer 



pinchinir i i i n i , i f planting, 



unless wit: I ...- on strong 



soil. Thn nl'i. r.Mi,. - III. 1.. -! 1. liMii. .1 a m as fruif- 



ing is over. Tln-y are more laisily I'ut then and their 

 removal gives a good opportunity for cross-cultivation 

 (in case the check-row system is used) and a thorough 

 cleaning-up before the season's tillage is abandoned. 

 Early removal may also help to check the spread of 

 certain enemies. JPlantations may be kept in bearing 

 many years if desired, but it is'seldom profitable to 

 do so. 



The fruit demands care in picking and in handling 

 thereafter. It should never be picked when wet. Red 

 raspberries are especially difficult to ship and are 

 usually marketed in pint baskets rather than quarts. 

 Reds yield less than blacks and usuallv sell at a higher 

 price. 



Enemies are numerous. Crown- and cane-borers must 

 be controlled by cutting out and destroying the infested 

 canes. Red rust sometimes sweeps away plantations of 

 black-caps. A plant once attacked can never be cured 

 and should be rooted out and burned at once. Anthrac- 

 nose is especially troublesome. Only plants free from 

 it should be set, and the plantation should be aban- 



