1612 



SANICULA 



A. Fls. yellow. 



M6iiziesii, Hook. & Am. Stem solitary, 1-2% ft. high, 

 branching: Ivs. round-cordate, 2-3 in. across, very deeply 

 3-5-lobed : fr. about 1 line long, becoming distinctly pedi- 

 cellate. Calif. • 

 AA. Flu. purple (rarely yellowish). 



bipinn-tlHda, Dougl. About 1 ft. high, with a pair of 



opposite Ivs. at the base and 1-3 above, long-petioled 



triangular to oblong in outline, 2-3 in. long, pinnatelv 



3-5-lobed. fr. sessile. Calif. ' 



AAA. Fls. greenisli white. 



MaryUndica, Linn. Stem stout, lK-4 ft, high • Ivs 

 bluish green, the basal long-peUoled, the upper sessile, 

 Vz-parted: fr. sessile. Atlantic to Rooky Mts. Com- 

 mon in woods. 



SANSEVIfiBIA f after Raimond de Sangro, Prince of 

 Sanseyiero, born at Naples 1710. The spelling Sanse- 

 viera is not the earliest). Hcemodorcicea. Bow-string 

 Hemp A genus of about 10 species from Africa and the 

 East Indies, of essentially tender foliage plants, al- 

 though beautiful in flower: rhizome short, fleshy, some- 

 times stoloniferous : Ivs. radical, in clusters or rosettes 

 fleshy, firm, often long, nearly flat or terete, the interior • 

 fibrous; scape simple, long, stout: fls. white, clustered,^- 

 in often dense ra.rnns ; ,M.,iunth-tube narrow, often' 

 long: ovary fre,-. .; 1,„ ul, ,i. at,,„-l,«l with a broad base. 



Sansevierias :,iv ,,,Mly i.n.pa-ated bv division or 

 ttiey may be ra.se.l fn.,„ U-.,t -uttings abbut 3 in. long. 

 These cuttings tor.n roots in sandy soil after about one 

 month, after which a long stolon-like bud is formed, 

 which produces the new plant at some distance from 

 tne cutting. .Sansevierias are of easv culture and are 

 well adapted to house decoration, since they do not re- 

 quire much sunlight. A rather heavy soil suits them 



A. Lvs. flat. 

 Guine6nBis, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 3-6 in a cluster, 

 oblanceolate, radical, dark green with lighter transverse 

 markings : scape with inflorescence as long as the leaves • 

 bracts 3-4: fls. greenish white, about IK in. long, fra- 

 grant. B.M. 1179. G.C. III. 4:73. ^ 



AA. Lvs. concave. 

 Zeylimca, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 8-15 in a cluster, 

 sword - shaped, subterete, variegated with transverse 

 markings of a grayish white : scape longer than the 

 pTi^'n B "^^IJ'- "^- ^'ii"sh green, IJ^ in. long. B.R. 

 2 : 160. - Rarely blooms in cult. 



AAA. Lvs. cylindrical. 



cyUndrica, Boj. Lvs. often 3-4 ft. long, 8-10 in a tuft 

 terete, solid within, dark green, often banded with paler 

 lines, acuminate, occasionally furrowed : scape with 

 florescence shorter than the leaves; raceme about 1 ft 

 }?°<?"T?^-,'if^o''„'?5' ''hite, tinged with pink. B.M. 5093.' 

 G.C. III. 16:222. R.H. 1861, p. 448, 450. 



F. W. Barclay. 



SANTOLINA (derivation of name doubtful). Com- 

 posite. About 8 species of shrubs or rarely herbs na- 

 tives of Europe and Asia, mostly in the Mediterranean 

 region. Lvs. alternate, aromatic; margins tubercu- 

 lously dentate or pinnately lobed : fl.-heads yellow or 

 rarely white, of disk fls. only, many-fld.: involucre 

 mostly campanulate, squarrose, imbricated, appressed. 



bantolma is valuable for its distinct foliage and is 

 used for large specimens in shrubberies or as a carpet 

 bedding plant. Cuttings for the latter purpose are usu- 

 ally taken in the spring from plants wintered in a frame 

 but may be taken before frost in the fall. They are 

 easily rooted in sand. ' 



„i,^*,?="'yi'^'^?"f' 1^'°°- <«'• '■"<•''«". Lam.). ,Laven- 

 DEK Cotton. A hardy half-shrubby, much -branched 

 plant, \/i-^ ft high, with small evergreen, silvery gray 

 lvs. and small globular heads of yellow fls., borne in 

 summer: branches and lvs. canescent. Var incina 

 differs but little from the type: involucre pubescent. 

 S. alpina, Linn., is Anthemis montana, Linn., which makes 

 fnThe t^r'^d"™ "^"^"^ *"'* ^^^ yellow fls., but appe.ars not to be 

 ■* "' F. W. Barclay. 



SAP 



SANVITALIA (after a noble Italian family). Com- 

 ?ff,t "*■ f- ^Tt"1 °} c"'"'"' * species, natives of the 

 southwestern United States and Mexico. Annual usu 

 ally low, much-branched herbs, with opposite, pet oled, 

 mostly entire leaves and small solitary heads of fls 

 Znfhrf«7 "'-.^"^etimes white rays: involucre short 

 and broad, of dry or partly herbaceous bracts: recep- 

 tacle from flat to subulate-conical, at least in fi-uit; its 

 chaffy bracts concave or partly conduplicate : akenes 

 all or only the outer ones thick-walled, those of the 

 rays usually 3-angIed, with the angles produced into 

 rigid, spreading awns or horns, those of the disk often 

 flat and winged. "j-reii 



procumbens. Lam. A hardy floriferous annual, grow- 

 ng about 6 m. high, trailing in habit: lvs. ovate Ibout 

 1 m. long: fl.-heads with dark purple disk and yellow 

 rays, resembling small Rudbeckias, less than 1 iiT 

 across, numerous: akenes of the disk flattened and 

 often winged and 1-2 aristellate. Summer to very late 

 autumn. Mexico. B.R. 9:707. R.H. 1860, p. 127. -I Var! 

 nare-pleno, Hort. A double-fld. variety coming true 

 trom seed, and as vigorous as the type. R.H. 1866, p. 70 

 banvitahas are of easy culture but prefer a light or 

 sandy soil m full sunlight. ^ ^. Barclay. 



-,. ^^^' Tbe term sap is applied to r'l m, r (Ii,. 



living plant. Sap is composed of w it m 



eral salts absorbed from the soil ami i 

 constructed within the living ce\U I , , 



from the oil by the roots or othi i I ii n, i LI 

 may contain potassium, sodium, nn^'ii. ^luui "1 ilimm 

 iron, and nitrates, phosphates, sulfat. s and chlonds' 

 As the fluid passes from cell to clU in the iiMuff 

 tissues some of the mineral salts are withdrawn and 

 used, and the water takes up some of the organic com- 

 pounds which have been formed by protoplasm As a 

 consequence of thisaction the sap of different parts of 

 the plant is unlike m composition, and the sap of anv 

 organ varies with the change of season. The water or 

 sap of a plant may comprise as much as 90 or even 96 

 per cent of its weight. 



The mineral substances enumerated above mav be 

 found m nearly all saps ; however, the limits of this note 

 do not permit even an enumeration of the thousands of 

 organic substances which occur in ,the sap of various 

 species. The more important ones may be grouped under 

 the acids, sugars, or carbohydrates, and asparagin or 

 perhaps some of the proteids or albumens. Many plants 

 have become valuable commercially because of the large 

 proportion of some useful substance which they 

 Among these may be mentioned the sugar ma 

 sap of which contains 



the 



contain, 

 gar maple, the 



sugar beet and sugar cane, in which' the proportion 



is very much higher. 



Sap is forced from the living tissues into the woody 

 cells and vessels, and these serve as conduits in conduct- 

 ™1 m?P ™PidIy from one part of the plant to an- 

 other. The constant transpiration of water from the 

 leaves demands an enormous supply of water from the 

 roots. The upward passage of this supply would be too 

 slow if conducted through the living cells. The water 

 taken in by the living cells of the roots is forced into 

 the dead cells of the roots and is drawn upward through 

 the wood (see TraHsyj/ra^ioH). 



The exudation pressure by which water or sap is 

 forced from the living cells is exhibited in the bleeding 

 which ensues when stems and branches are cut away. 

 Ihe pressure which produces bleeding is often called 

 root-pressure, although it is exerted by any part of the 

 plant. Bleeding is exhibited by a large number of trees 

 at the beginning of the growing season, and is also es- 

 pecially noticeable in the vine, dahlia, castor-oil plant, 



calla, nicotiana and 



The amount of sap exuded in the process of bleeding 

 IS very great and may be equal to the total volume of 

 the plant in some instances. A specimen of Betula 

 papymcea gave off over 63 lbs. of water in 24 hours- 

 Agave Americana, 12.5 lbs. in 24 hours. A vine may 

 bleed from one to two pints daily, while the cucurbits 

 also exhibit very vigorous bleeding. A half gallon of 

 sap has been known to exude from a tropical liana in 

 eleven hours. 



It is to be noted that the flow of sap from the sugar 



