1708 



SPRAYING 



ttefntom.iluKistuf Illinois; William Sauu- 

 , iintu: . I'aii.: .T. S. Woodward, Lock- 

 y •. 1^ \ s..„s. Walworth, N. Y. ; 



< ' \- -iilimal College, Mich. 



,11 i- _!.■ !i ■■:MNf Li'IkIou purple, and then 

 . .sill..-.- ihai lime many different forms of 

 arsenical poisons have been compounded, 

 offered to the public and frequently used. 

 London purple has now been largely 

 dropped by fruit-growers, owing to its 

 variable quality. White arsenic, used in 

 combination with soda and with lime, 

 forms at the present time reliable and 

 widely used insecticides. 



While sucking insects were instrumental 

 in bringing about the invention of many 

 formulae, it has only been within the la>-t 

 twenty-five years that an effective method 

 has been devised for their treatment. Al 

 though kerosene has been recommended 

 and used to some extent for thirty-five oi 

 more years, it was not until Cook recom 

 mended kerosene in the form of a soap 

 and water emulsion that a desirable, eas 

 ily prepared oily insecticide was found. 

 About the same time. Dr. Riley, with Mr. 

 Hubbard, of the Department of Agricul- 

 ture at Washington, recommended the use 

 of what is now known as the Riley-Hub- 

 liard formula. 



The potato bug invasion and the dis- 

 covery of the efScacy of Pnri« irrfon in de- 

 stroying leaf-eating iiisirt^ Mid ;i ;.^reat 

 deal to stimulate sprnviii-. Inn dn.' .ii'ilit 

 ""• should be given plai.l ]i:,ilic.l,,:;ists for 



Splint broom tracing the life-histories of uiuuy fungi 

 sp'tS" destructive to cultivated plants. 



. '. - Fungicides .—'Earlj in the eighties dis- 



vfce eases of grape-vines threatened the ex- 



tinction of French vineyards. The situa- 

 tion engaged the attention of French investigators. 

 Notable among them were Professor A. Millardet and 

 his co-workers of the Academy of Science, Bordeaux, 

 Prance. He, with others, discovered partly by acci- 

 dent and partly by experiment that solutions of cop- 

 per prevented the development of downy mildew. 

 After much experimentation, "bouillie Bordellaise " was 

 found to be effective in preventing the growth of downy 

 mildew and other plant parasites infesting the grape in 

 that region. The announcement was definitely made in 

 1885. The following year the European formula for 

 Bordeaux mixture was published in several places in 

 the United States and immediately there commenced in 

 unparalleled p onom o eg ab e 



pathology. Th 

 stations giive a 

 rapidity of the 



fruit-grower k T 



unknown art by the rank n t e 

 clubs and gran s p r ha h 

 by the car-1 ad re f ora e 

 facturer. The Am n f 



his fellow-w k n a 1 



world in the p a f 



though Bor an 



covered in Eu op af i 



been made pa ab e by Ame 

 inventions. 



The Prii p Sp a g 



spray may be effe 

 the enemy, (b by p 

 the depreda or n 

 the plant wi h a 

 ' the grow 



SPRAYING 



health and vigor and fruit-buds. Spray this year for 

 next year's crop. 



Insecticides kill by contact or by means of a poisonous 

 principle; their efficiency depends laigeh on the time 

 and thoroughness of the application It applied too soon 

 they may be dissipated before the insects appe.ir, if 

 applied late the injury is onlj partlj jirei ented because 

 insects feed less voraciously and are harder to kill as 

 they approach maturity in the larval stage With liie 

 vegetable parasite the case is not essentiallv different. 

 The tree is covered with a thin lOatiiig \\hich destroys 



2373. Knapsack 



spores of fungi resting there and pre%ents othct spores 

 from germinating. Fig. 2370 shows the sta^'e ot de\ t lop- 

 ment of fruit-bud oallingfor Bordeauxmixtuie and Paris 

 green. The keynote to success is thoroughness. Hasty 

 sprinklings are worse than useless , they discourage and 

 disappoint the beginner. Full piotection is not afforded 

 unless each leaf, twig and branch has been covered. Time 

 is the next most important factor bearing on success. The 

 early spray is most effective. This applies particularly 

 to the treatment of fungous diseases. Spray before the 

 buds open. Get ahead of the enemy. 



Sprai/ing Machinery. — Bordemis. mixture was first 

 applied with a broom (Fig. 2371); now there are not a 

 few steam sprayers in use. Poison distributors were first 

 made in America for the protection of cotton, potato 

 and tobacco. There are five general types of pumps: 



(1) The hand portable pump, often attached to a pail or 

 other small reservoir, suitable for limited garden areas. 



(2) The knapsack pump is carried on a man's back and 

 operated by the carrier. The tank is made of copper, 

 holds five gallons and is fitted with a neat pump which 

 may be ope a ed w h one n wh h nozz e d 



and ze of 



by h 



tio 



the foliage f o n n 



sect or f ungou e H h f 



age is essent a to the produc on 



k ng 

 good 



of ma h nery 

 3 9 

 good ump a e 

 b ha ngb a 

 copp orap unds o 

 s ng ob a ned b 

 cy nder substant al 



