1946 



VIOLET 



manila paper bag and this into a second bag. Attach 

 each package to a string or wire so arranged as to allow 

 it to be lowered from the outside of the house into its 

 respective jar. Pour into each jar an amount of water 

 about equal to the bulk of cyanide in the bag, add com- 

 mercial sulfuric acid until steam is evolved, then from 

 the outside lower the bags into the jars beneath. Fumi- 

 gate double varieties thirty minutes and single varieties 

 twenty minute.s, after which open ventilators from out- 

 side, leaving them open at least sixty minutes before 

 entering the liouse (for full information, see Circular 

 37, Dept. of Agric, Div. of Entomology). Aphides may 

 also be combated by using tobacco in some one of its 

 many forms, but tobacco is likely to weaken the leaves 

 and make them more liable to the attack of fungi, and 

 on this account is very objectionable. 



Red spider {'JVIrrmijchiis tehirins i. — Tbia pest lives 

 on the under surface of the leaves, and when present in 

 sufficient number causes considerable damage. It is 

 widely distribut.-.l (jii a f,'rcat variety of plants, and 

 when established in the Nii.lct 



house is most dilliiuli to coiii- 



bat. It can be hold in chfck, and 

 often the plants may be kept en- 

 tirely free from it, by frequent 

 syringing with Clearwater un- 

 der a pressure of 20 to :jO pounds 

 per square inch. Care must be 

 taken to syringe early in the 

 morning and on bright days, 

 so that the plants may dry off 

 before night. Neglect may be 

 the means of inducing disease. 



VIRGINIA CEEEPEE is Ampelopsis qninquefoUa. 



VIRGINIA, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 2G93. His- 

 torically V'iif;inKi lioitiruliuiT began with the earliest 

 settlers, planting's Ininf,' made on .Jamestown Island in 

 1607. The London roni[iany sent vines in 1819 and 

 scions and trees in lfj'22 which were rapidly dissemi- 

 nated, so that before 1700, orchards of considerable 

 size had been planted. As the settlers pushed west- 

 ward into the Piedmont section, favorable results with 

 the tree fruits became more common. In this section 

 Thomas Jefferson took an active interest in horticul- 

 ture, and from the vicinity of "Monticello," apples 

 first -won their supremacy in the markets of the world. 



Virginia is separated iiito six main physical .iivisinns 

 known as Ti.lewat.T. Mi.bllo Vir^'inia. I'nMn t, The 



2693. Map of Vireinia. Showing the 



farmer and fruit-grower. 



Eel worms, or nematodes {Anguillnla sp.). — This 

 causes swellings on the roots of the plants known as 

 root galls. Another species attacks the buds, causing 

 them to "go blind." There is no known method of ex- 

 terminating these pests, but their injurious effects may 

 be reduced to a minimum by adopting the methods 

 recommended for controlling fungous diseases. 



Gall fly (Diptosis violicoia), violet sawfly (JSmpliytus 

 Canadensis), greenhouse leaf tier (Phlyctcenia rubi- 

 galis) and several species of cutworms (Agrotis ef al.). 

 —In some parts of the country the larvce of these in- 

 sects injure the plants to some extent by feeding on 

 the foliage. Fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas is 

 the best means of combating them. 



Slugs, snails, sow bugs, etc. — Under certain condi- 

 tions these pests do considerable damage, especially to 

 the flowers. They also can be controlled by the hydro- 

 cyanic acid gas treatment. p^ jj, Dorsett. 



VIOLET, AFRICAN. Saintpaulia. V., Damask or 

 Dame's, is fTrspn-ix matronalis. V.,Dog. I'iohi eanina. 

 v., Dog's Tooth. K'n/tlironium Dens-Canis. V., Water. 



See H.jtl,uu.i. 



VIPER GOURD. Trichosanthes Angiiina. 



VIPER'S BUGLOSS. See EcUum. 



VIRGlLIA Wtea. See Ctadraslis tlnctoria. 



VIRGINIA COWSLIP or V. Lungworts Merteiisia 

 pnlmn,u,rioi,l,s. 



Oirhnrdiiuj. -It is in the larger fruits that Virginia 

 horticulture has won most renown. The present pro- 

 duction of apples is about 500,000 barrels, the bulk of 

 which is produced in The Valley and Piedmont sections. 

 Piedmont, Virginia, with a varying altitude of 500 to 

 over 1,000 feet, and a soil ranging from dark red to 

 black, is famous as the producer of the most perfect 

 type of Albemarle Pippin and Winesap apples. Situated 

 in mountain coves, and on hillsides in many instances 

 barely arable, these orchards enjoy specially favored 

 conditions, and yield almost fabulous returns, an in- 

 dividual tree having produced $100 worth of fruit in a 

 season though practically uncared for. In this section 

 the apple probably reaches its greatest development of 

 tree growth, with a maximum of 9 ft. 5 in. in circum- 

 ference of trunk; 90 ft. spread of branches, and a yield 

 of 130 bus. at one picking. The Valley leads in apple 

 production, and here the largest orchards are found with 

 40,nnn or more trees under one nianagenipnt. Limestone 



tudes of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet an^l rirl, l.ni. stone 

 soils, have been practicallyundeveloped liorticultnrally, 

 but so far as tested are a field of rieh ]iionii-e. Ainon:; 

 the cultivated fruits of Virginia the apj)!.' takes tirst 

 rank. Early May, Red June. Early Harvest ami Yellow 

 Transparent as the leading first earlies, open the sea- 

 .son the latter part of June and carry the season into 

 July, when the succession is taken up by Sweet Bough, 



