1960 WALLICHIA 



apex, with a large tooth ou each side above the middle, 

 glaucous beneath; petiole and sheath short, scurfy: Ivs. 

 disposed in a Ji; spiral: lis. in many spiral series. Him- 

 alaya. 



caryotoides, Roxb. {ffarlna caryotoldes, Buch.-Ham. 

 Didymospinna caryotoldes, Hort.). Lfts. oblong or 

 linear-oblong, panduriformly excised and acutely 

 toothed, white beneath. F. 1874, p. 161. R.H. 1870, p. 

 368. 



W. porphyrocdrpa. Mart. See Didymosperma. 



Jaeed G. Smith. 



WALL PEPPEK. Sediim acre. 



WALNUT is a name applied to any species of the ge- 

 nus Juglans. The Walnut of history is Jiiglans regia 

 (Fig. 2709), a native of southeastern Europe and re- 

 gions beyond. Etymologically, the word Walnut signi- 

 fies a nut that comes from a foreign source. It is inter- 

 esting to note that in this country Juglans regia is 

 known as English Walnut, apparently because the im- 

 ported nuts are likely to reach us by way of England. 

 In eastern North America, the word Walnut usually 

 applies to the native Juglans nigra (Figs. 2710, 1193), 

 although it sometimes, but erroneously, designates the 

 large-fruited hickories. A related species, the butter- 

 nut {J. cinerea, Figs. 2711, 1194) is sometimes called 

 White Walnut. The Black Walnut (J. nigra) is often 

 planted on roadsides and about yards, but it is scarcely 

 a horticultural product yet. A very similar species in 

 California is Jtiglans C'alifornica (Fig. 2712), which 

 makes a fine large tree and often bears excellent nuts. 

 The eastern J. n igra was early introduced into Califor- 



nia and it seems now to be common. In fact, it is some- 

 times difficult to distinguish the two species. The Cali- 

 fornian species attains a height of 50 ft. , making a broad- 

 topped handsome tree. Commercial Walnut culture is 

 concerned with J. regia, and this culture is practically 

 confined to California. The species is hardy even as 



WALNUT 



far north as parts of New York, and iu the Middle and 

 Southern states it often bears well, but its culture is 

 not attempted on a large scale in the East. The Japan- 

 ese Walnut, J. Sieboldiana (Figs. 1196-8) is now be- 

 coming known in the East, and it is perfectly hardy in 

 central New York. It is a handsome tree, but it prob- 

 ably will not Ijfcome au important fruit tree. For the 

 species of Walnuts, see Juglans. L H B 



2710. Black Walnut — Juglans niera (> 



I the right is the b.-»re uut; on the left the husk 



; removed. 



Walnuts in Southern California. Fig. 2713. The 

 Walnut industry in certain limited areas of California 

 occupies a place second only to the growing of citrous 

 fruits. About 6,000 tons will be exported from Califor- 

 nia the present season (1901), which will be worth 

 f. o. b. California more than one million dollars. 



Commercial Walnut culture is confined to four south- 

 ern coast counties of California- Santa Barbara, Ven- 

 tura, Los Angeles and Orange. For this there are good 

 and sufacient reasons. Although called the "English" 

 Walnut in this country, the climate of England is not 

 very well suited to its production, and the greater part 

 of the product in that country is used in the manufac- 

 ture of pickled Walnuts. The Walnut is fairly hardy 

 when dormant, but very tender when growing. There- 

 fore, no place subject to late spring frosts can grow Wal- 

 nuts with success. The extension of Walnut culture into 

 the more northern coast counties of California must be 

 done by planting varieties which lie dormant until the 

 time of the spring frosts is past. The immature nut is 

 also very tender, and cannot endure very hot weather. 

 Even in the coast counties a small percentage of the crop 

 is often destroyed by hot weather, and the hot interior 

 valleys of southern California, or places very distant 

 from the ocean, do not produce Walnuts. The area of 

 successful production is still further limited by the 

 requirement of well-drained and deep alluvial .soil for 

 the tender rootlets. Any soil of a clayey nature or 

 underlaid with a hard clay subsoil will produce only 

 stunted trees, while on soil where the water comes 

 nearer than twenty feet of the surface the trees will 

 grow only a few years, hardly long enough to produce 

 a full and profitable crop. 



In nursery practice the nuts are scattered at a dis- 

 tance of about 1 ft. in drills 4 ft. apart, late in the fall, 

 in soil that has been deeply plowed. As soon as a suffi- 

 cient number of the plants break through to distinguish 

 the rows, the cultivator is run through to kill the weeds. 

 The young seedlings are irrigated and cultivated fre- 

 quently during midsummer, the object being to force 

 them as much as possible and yet harden them before 

 winter. During the first year the seedlings reach a 

 height of %-2 ft. The taproot, however, grows down 

 from 5-8 ft. If grown in the nursery the second year, 

 they are treated in the same manner, and usually reach 

 a height of 8-12 ft. Of late years the practice of graft- 

 ing has been growing in favor. The 1-year-old seed- 

 lings are root - grafted, just as they stand in the row. 

 The grafts will grow about 8 feet in one year. Grafting 

 is much more successful than budding. When trees are 

 budded, ring-buds are used, and the tie is a strip of 

 waxed cloth. 



The trees are planted in orchard form at either 1 or 2 

 years of age, preferably the latter. They are usually 

 set in squares 50 ft. apart. The trees make very little 



