WARDIAN CASES 



ture, moisture and atmosphere. Similar cases are also 

 used iu greenliouses for growing filmy ferns, dwarf foli- 

 age plants and other small specimens that require a very 

 moist and close atmosphere. They were invented about 

 183G bv X. B. Ward, who wrote a 'book of 95 pages "On 

 the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases," pub- 

 lished at London in 1S42. 



WASHINGTON 



1963 



from i-6 i 



Zy 



WAECZEWICZELLA. 



gojieiuhun. 



WAKEEA (named for Frederick 

 Warre. who discovered the first 

 species in Brazil). Orclxid^c^tx . 

 Lvs. few, long, plicate: scape tall, 

 bracted. bearing a raceme of termi- 

 nal showy fls. : sepals and petals 

 subequal. concave, the lateral se- 

 pals united with the base of the 

 column : labellum not spurred, 

 united with the base of the column, 

 undivided, concave, with longitud- 

 inal ridges: column without ap- 

 pendages: pollinia 4, with a nar- 

 row stipe. Plants with the habit 

 of small forms of Phaius. They 

 require the same treatment as that 

 genus. 



bidentita, Lindl. ( ir. Lindeni 

 dim, Henf. ). Labellum regular 

 slit at the end: ridges convex, the 

 central ones thinner and deeper 

 bracts one-fourth as long as the 

 pedicels. Sept. Venezuela and 

 Colombia. A. F. 6:655. 



He 



WASHINGTON, HOHTICUL 

 TURE IN. Fig. 2715. The stat c 

 Washington may be said to havt 

 two distinct climates, that to 

 the west of the Cascades, and 

 that to the east of this range of 

 mountains. The climate of 

 western Washington may, gen- 

 erally speaking, be said to be 

 very temperate. There are no 

 very great variations in temper 

 ature. The summers are cool 

 and in some parts somewhat 

 dry. The winters are warm, or 



parts of western Washington 

 the rainfall is abundant 

 amounting to 70 or 80 inches 

 in other parts the annual rain 

 fall does not exceed 25 inches 

 Those portions of western 

 Washington not bounded on 

 the west by the 01\Tnpic moun 

 tains are subject to a much 

 greater rainfall than those parts 

 lying immediately east of these 

 mountains. Thus, parts of Jef 

 ferson county and of Island and leaves 



county are comparatively dry 



even though on what is known as the wet side of the 

 mountains. The whole of western Washington is a vast 

 forest; yet there are numerous valleys iu which trees 

 do not grow. The natural forest growth is coniferous, 

 except along the watercourses, where there is a consid- 

 erable growth of deciduous trees, such as alder, poplar, 

 willow, etc. In a few places scattering specimens of 

 nak, ash and maple are found. Vast areas of land 

 have been reclaimed from the sea, or at least from 

 Puget Sound, and these tide-lands are amongst the 

 best in the state. The summers are comparatively 



In eastern Washington a wholly different condition 

 exists. The summers are bright, the temperature high, 

 and during the months of June, July and August prac- 



tically rainless. Eastern Washington has a varying 

 rainfall. Those portions immediately east of the Cas- 

 cade range have a very scanty rainfall, but as we near 

 the eastern borders of the state the rainfall becomes 

 greater. In and near the Yakima valley, the rainfall is 



bordc 



_ 1 east the rainfall be- 

 greater, until at the eastern 

 rs of the state it is about 22 

 inches, quite sufficient in this cli- 

 mate to produce good crops. Al- 

 titude has a marked influence on 

 the climate of eastern Washington. 

 In the valleys of the Columbia and 

 Snake rivers, from 400 to 600 feet 

 above sea-level, the summers are 

 long and hot, and in these portions 

 severe frosts are not felt. In these 

 low valleys the tenderer fruits 

 grow to perfection, but of these 

 there are only a few thousand 

 acres. There are two large val- 

 leys; viz., the Walla Walla and the 

 Yakima, each having an altitude 

 of about 1,000 feet, where the win- 

 ters are more severe, and where 

 fruit trees often suffer in bud and 

 twig, and where vegetation is at a 

 standstill for a longer period in 

 winter than in the lower altitudes. 

 All lands in eastern Washington at 

 a lower altimde than 1,500 feet 

 must be irrigated to produce crops. 

 The larger portion of eastern 

 Washington, and especially that 

 bordering on Idaho, is high, rang- 

 ing from 1,800 to 2,600 feet above 

 the sea. It is in these high por- 

 tions that there is rainfall suffi- 

 cient to raise good crops without 

 irrigation. 



The whole state is rolling. The 

 Cascade range cuts the state into 

 two very unequal parts, the 

 larger part Iving to the east. 

 The watercourses, for the 

 most part, run in deep canons, 

 and the table-lands are any- 

 thing but level. The soil varies 

 from the deep basalt clay loams 

 to the volcanic ash, and to the 

 sand and silica soils of the 

 river bottoms. The higher 

 lands grow the hardy fruits to 

 perfection ; the river bottoms 

 grow the peach, apricot and the 

 grape, while midway between 

 these is grown a great variety 

 of fruits, garden products and 

 alfalfa. The best wheat lands 

 are the heavv clay soils at an 

 altitude of about 2,000 feet. 



Fruits. -The state of Wash- 

 ington is fast coming to the 

 front in fruit production. There 



i-ithi: 





2714 



<li rs about 80,1100 acres of fruit. 

 Whitman county, on the eastern 

 border, has an acreage of 8,000 

 planted to fruits, mostly apples and prunes. Clark 

 county on the west of the range, is the greatest prune 

 producer. The Puyallup valley, close to the Puget 

 Sound, is the leading small - fruit section, but the 

 whole state is adapted to many of the fruits. The 

 counties producing the largest amount of fruit are 

 Walla Walla. Yakima, Whitman, Clark, Spokane and 

 Kittitass. The islands of Whidbey and Orcas are fa- 

 mous for their fruits. Of the 80.000 acres in fruit now 

 growing within the state, 25,000 acres are in prunes, 

 mostly Italian, 40,000 in apples, and the remainder in 

 plums, cherries and grapes. 



Pritnes. — The Italian prune (Fellenberg plum) is 

 planted in great numbers on both sides of the state. 

 Clark county has not less than 5,000 acres planted to 



