LXVIII INTRODUCTORY. 



and, by a very complicated series of angulations, obtains his model outline.^ Mr. John 

 Gibson, the English sculptor, divides the entire height of the intended figure into 

 nineteen parts, two of which he takes for the radius of a circle ; this circle he circum- 

 scribes within a square, and cuts the latter into four equal parts by the diagonals. 

 One-half of the figure so formed, that half, namely, in which a diagonal forms the 

 hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle, is the diagram of Mr. Gibson's invention, from 

 which he obtains all the dimensions necessarj^ to complete the outline of the figure.^ 



Elster divides the entire height into eight heads, or ten faces. He finds in every 

 figure three equal measures. The first is from the beginning of the sternum to the 

 bottom of the abdomen ; the second, from the navel to the upper margin of the patella ; 

 and the third from the beginning of the patella to the sole of the foot.^ Experience 

 has not proved these relations to be invariable. 



Zeising, in a profound and very elaborate work published in 1854,^ obtains all the 

 proportions of the human body by repeated division of the total height under the 

 geometric rule of extreme and mean ratio. In a more recent work upon the changes 

 in proportion produced by growth,' he maintains the truth of his system and suj^plies 

 additional illustrations. He gives the dimensions of the male figure only, omitting the 

 female. 



Carl Schmidt, the historical painter, published in 1 849 an atlas of human propor- 

 tion," founded upon the dimensions of the skeleton, and corroborated by many actual 

 measurements taken by himself or copied from the work of M. Quetelet. 



The interesting and valuable work of Dr. Franz Liharzik, of Vienna,^ is chiefly 

 devoted to the discussion of the laws of growth of the human body, and its correla- 

 tion with the development of plants and animals. He lays down seven constant dimen- 

 sions, from which the other proportions of the body are to be derived. In a later 

 work^ lie asserts that all the proportions of the human figure are .to be obtained from 

 the square of the mimber seven. 



Silbermann, assuming the stature to be 1.60 metre, (63 inches, Enghsh,) furnishes 

 a table of thirty dimensions deduced therefrom on theoretic rules of proportion." 



A work by F. G. Rober appeared at Leipzig in 1861'" upon the construction of 

 man, but it has nothing original in the shape of tables of proportion, its details being 

 all mathematical. 



In 1866, there was published in London a work by an American writer and artist, 

 Mr. W. W. Story, proposing a new canon of proportion, which, in ingenuity of detail 



' The geomelric heaiiti/ of Ibchuman figure defined, towldch is prefixed a Kijstem of ceslheiic proporlion applieahJe to architec- 

 ture arid Ihcolher formatire arts, 4to, Ldndon, 1851. The natural priiieipUn of heauiij, as developed in the human figure, 8vo 

 Loudon, 18.VJ. 



= Mr. (iilison's design will be found (horoughly explained, and illustrated by diagrams and two largo lithograpUed- 

 pl.ites, in tlio following treatise : The properties of the human figure, according to the ancient Greek canon of Vitruvius, (second 

 edition,) also a canon of the 2>roi>oi'l'"its of the human figure, founded upon a diagram inrented by John Gibson, Esq., R. A., 

 by .Joseph Bo.nomi, sculptor, 8vo, London, 1857. 



'Die hiihei-e zcichenkunsl theoretisch, praktisch, historisch, und aesthetiseh, &.C., 8vo, Leipzig, 1853. 



*ycue Wire rou den proportionen des menschlichcu korpcrs, &c., 8vo, Leipzig, 1854. 



<> Die metamorphosen in den verhallnissender menschlichen gestalt, &c., Bonn, 1859. 



^I'roportioiisschliissel: neites system der vcrhaltnisse des meiiachlichen kSriiers, &c., 8vo ; and atlas, folio, Vienna, 1862. 



^ Das gesetzdcs uachsthumes und der baudcs menschen, &c., folio, Vienna, 1862. 



»Das quadrat die grundlage alter proportionalitat i» der natur, &c., 8vo., Vienna, 1865. 



'^ Proportions physiiines ou naturelles du e.oipa hiimain, &c. Coniptes-rendus, xlii, pp. 454-456, 495-497; xliii, p. 1156. 



^^ Elementar-heilrage ziir bestimmnng der naturgcsetze der geslallung, &c., 4to, J^eipzig, 1861. 



