264 surgeons' reports — neav york — eighteenth district. 



the finest iiiterviiles in the State. A considerable amount of trade is carried on in this city by 

 means of the canal and railroad that center here, but the people are more largely engaged in manu- 

 factures. The engine-houses and repair-shops of the New York -Oentral Railroad Comi)auy are 

 extensive, and one of the largest locomotive-manufactories in the country is located here. This 

 city is especially noted as the seat of Union College. The population is about ten thousand. 

 Besides the city of Schenectady, the county includes five townships. It has an extent of two hun- 

 dred and twenty-one square miles, and its population in 1800 was twenty thousand and two. 



Saratoga County lies on the north angle formed by the junction of the Mohawk and Hudson 

 Rivers. It is centrally distant thirty-one miles from Albanj*. Its surface is hilly in the south and 

 mountainous in the north. Two ranges of mountains traverse this county from northeast to south- 

 west. The Hudson River breaks through one of these ranges on the north border of the county, iu 

 a deep ravine three miles in extent. The mountains rise abruptly from the ^\"ater's edge to a height 

 of eight hundred feet. Their declivities are generally rocky and precipitous, and their summits 

 spread out into a broad, rocky upland, covered with forests. A broad intervale extends along the 

 Hudson, bordered by a range of clay bluffs from forty to two hundred feet high. From the summit 

 of these bluft's, an extensive sand-plain extends westward to the foot of the mountains. The south- 

 west portion is rolling and moderately hilly. The Hudson River flows seventy miles along the east 

 border. The Mohawk forms a portion of the southern boundary. The Sacondaga, Snook Kil and 

 Antiiony's Kil are the other principal streams. Saratoga Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, six 

 and a half miles in length and two miles broad. Among the mountains and forests in the north 

 part are numerous little lakes but little known. A large part of the county is covered with drift- 

 deposits, consisting of sand and clay. The soil among the mountains is a light sandy or gravelly 

 loam, and is best adapted to grazing ; upon the intervales, along the rivers, it is a deep fertile clay 

 and loam alluvium. A strip of light sand occupies the eastern part. The peoi)le are chiefly 

 engaged in grain and stock raising. Lumbering and farming are extensively carried on in the 

 north part of the county. Considerable attention is also ])aid to the manufacture of cotton and 

 woolen goods and paper. The justly-celebrated springs at Saratoga attbrd mineral-waters of 

 almost every variety. They cover an area of twelve miles; and, besides supplying the thousands 

 who annually resort there, aflbrd large quantities for exportation. This county contains eight 

 hundred and sixty-two square miles, and is divided into twenty towns. Its population in 1860 was 

 fifty-one thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine. 



Fulton County lies north of the Mohawk and east of the center of the State; it is centxally 

 distant forty-five miles from Albany. Its surface is rolling and hilly, the upland rising into a 

 mountainous region on the northern border. The highland region is divided into three general 

 ridges. The most eastern of these ridges consists of rounded drift-hills of moderate elevation; the 

 highest summits being about four hundred feet above the Mohawk. The second ridge occupies a 

 wide space along the north border of the county. The declivities are usually steep and rocky; the 

 highest summits being about eight hundred to one thousand feet above the river. The third ridge 

 extends through the west part of the county; the highest summits are twelve hundred feet above 

 the Mohawk River. 



The Sacondaga and its tributaries, the Chuctemiuda, the Cayadutta, Garoga Creek, Stony 

 Creek, East Canada Creek, NorthjFish, and Little Sprite Creek, and some branches of the Mohawk, 

 are the principal streams of this county. They are mostly rapid streams, frequently iuterru]ited by. 

 falls, and aflbrd an ample supply of water-power. Among the hills in the north part of the county are 

 many small lakes, forming a characteristic feature of this wilderness-region of Northern New York. 

 Along the Sacondaga, in the northeastern part of the county, is an extensive«swamp, said to con- 

 tain thirteen thousand acres. The greater part of the county is covered with drift deposits. The 

 southern part of the .central and western ridges are principally composed of calciferous sandstone. 

 An excellent building-stone is found in the north part of the county. The soil, in the south jiart 

 and along the valleys, is mostly a gravelly and clayey loam, derived from drift-deposits; it is well 

 adapted to pasturage, and, in the most favorable parts, j)roduces good crops of grain. A large 

 portion of the north i)art is too rough and broken for cultivation. The manufactures consist i)riu- 

 cipally of leather, lumber, buckskin-gloves, and mittens. The county-seat is located at Johnstown. 



