surgeons' reports — PENNSYLVANIA — THIRTEENTH DISTRICT, 327 



districts — from tlic producing country to the distributing (dties, towns, and boroughs. Cities and 

 towns have the advantage in money aud concentration of action; consequently, their quotas have 

 been largely tilled with men from outside of their limits. There was some' compeusatiou iu this: 

 the money was brought to the rural districts at once, instead of by the slower process of produc- 

 tive industry. The evil of draining the sparser-peopled country of the producing class was iu 

 rapid process of correction by the reduction of the relative quotas in the rural districts required by 

 the diminished number of men enrolled. 



The amendment of the enrollment-law, (section 4, of March 3, 1865,) which requires every man 

 to be credited to the district of his residence, although passed too late to benefit the rural districts, 

 obviates that evil, and will have a happy effect in future drafts. The amendment is generally 

 approved in the country. 



By the census of 1860, the population of the Thirteenth District was one hundred and forty-fiv^e 

 thousand and twenty-nine; the number enrolled was eleven thousand two hundred and thirty-six, 

 or about one iu eleven of the population. The number of men enlisted before the enrollment was 

 made iu Bradford County was three thousand and three hundred ; in the other counties, it was 

 nearly as large a ratio. It is estimated that six thousand and five hundred men have enlisted 

 out of the district since the war commenced, and I think the estimate not sufiQciently large ; some 

 of these were under twenty years of age. The enrollment was exhausted in some sub districts; 

 iu others, nearly so. It is not probable that the country will ever again have so severe a drain 

 on its population for warlike purposes. 



The Americans, as a race, especially alter attaining the age of thirty years, have not so large 

 a development of fat and muscle as the natives of England, Germany, or Ireland. They are more 

 restless and energetic and rapid in their work, and probably work more hours iu the day; hence, 

 they exhaust their capacity for hard work sooner than Eui'opean emigrants, and when disabled 

 from pursuing the severer kinds of labor change readily to some occupation requiring less strength. 

 This will partly account for a greater ratio of disabled men iu towns. 



1 note as a peculiarity of the meu from Columbia and Montour Counties, who are of German 

 descent, the flatness of their feet; while in meu from other parts of the district the body rests on 

 well-arched feet. The flatness of the foot was not sufiQcient, however, to disable from service. 



The Thirteenth District of Pennsylvania is a region of hills and mountains, interspersed with 

 valleys of moderate width, through which numerous small streams flow to unite with and swell the 

 waters of the north branch of the Susquehanna, which river passes through the middle of the 

 district, from its northern to its southern l)order. The streams are rapid, and the drainage very 

 good. There is very little flat land iu the district, and when uot hilly there is sufdcient inclination 

 for drainage. 



The elevation above tide-water at the highest point of the Elmira branch of the Northern 

 Central Railroad at Granville, Bradford County, Pa., is 1,584 feet, with mountain-elevations 

 of perhaps 800 feet higher in Bradford County. The mean annual temperature is 45° F. in 

 the southern, aud 44° in the northern part. Mean winter temperature, 24°; spring, 45°; autumn, 

 54°; summer, 66° ; maximum, 98°; minimum, — 20° F. The geological formations extend from 

 the Carboniferous down to the Lower of Palaeozoic strata. 



The southeast part of the district includes a very small portion of the anthracite-coal region ; 

 ttie western part a portion of the bituminous-coal region, extendiug along the south border of 

 Bradford County for nearly one-half its breadth." The coal is high up in the mouutains. 



The northern portion of the district has a soil formed from disintegiated shales and sandstones 

 of the Devonian i)eriod, (Portage and Chemung groups of the New York survey.) There is some 

 limestone, and the water is slightly imi)regnated with lime. Large and frequent deposits of drift 

 are to be found in the northern part of the district, (Bedford County.) In the southern part of the 

 district, the formations extend to the Upper Silurian strata. More limestone is found, aud the 

 water, in places, holds more lime iu solutiou. Iron-ore is also mined and worked. 



The inhabitauts are intelligent, active, and energetic. In the northern part of the district, 

 one can scarce enter a house without finding one or more newspapers to be takeu. This part is 

 mostly settled by emigrants from the New England States, New York, and New Jersey, and their 

 descendants. In the southern part of the district, the inhabitauts are of German stock, with a 



