UNDER-DKAININQ — EXPLANATION. 119 



drjest time, being at all times filled -with the cold water from the 

 high land springs. In the spring it was generally covered with 

 water, and in fact it was an entire waste, besides subjecting me to 

 the expense and inconvenience of this open drain. 



A is the main drain, 450 feet long from the drains B on the side 

 of the high land, to P the harbor ; it is about 3 1-2 feet deep ex- 

 cept between the harbor and the drain E, where, in consequence of 

 a swell in the land, it is about six feet deep. This drain is made 

 18 inches wide at the bottom ; jamb rocks are laid on each side and 

 bridged over Avith flat rocks, leaving a flue beneath. The whole is 

 then covered a foot deep Avith small stones, which being again cov- 

 ered slightly with fine shingle ballast* from the beach to prevent the 

 dirt sifting among the stones, the earth is shovelled in and levelled 

 off. 



B B are two arms from the head of the main drain, each 75 feet 

 long, extending across the side of the high land. 



C is a drain 100 feet long, extending into the side of the high 

 land. 



D is a drain 125 feet long, extending along the side of the same 

 high lands as C. 



E is a drain 75 feet long, extending into the high land on the 

 other side of the main drain. 



F is a drain 75 feet long, extending into the high land. 



H H are two arms from the head of the drain F, each 75 feet 

 long, and extend along the side of the high land. All the drains 

 leading into the main drain are from three to five feet deep, and 

 made from ten to twelve inches wide at the bottom, with flat stones 

 placed carefully at the bottom, inclined together at the top so 

 as to form an opening for the water. These are covered twelve to 

 eighteen inches deep with small stones, which are again covered 

 slightly with the shingle ballast named above. The drains are then 

 filled up with earth and levelled off. 



The land through which these drains are made, after getting 

 through the soil, is a very hard gravelly sub-soil which has to be all 

 picked up with a pick-axe. 



* Shingle ballast is the small stones worn smooth by the action of the waves^ 

 and driven upon the sea shore. 



