36 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. 



her enormous capacity for food, the large udder with the 

 immense milk veins and the very flat shoulder and thin legs. 



To measure an animal from tip to tip, and give due value 

 to each and every part, is something difficult to do when 

 selecting a herd ; but there must be some lessons of value in 

 structure. It must be the objective point with the individual 

 breeder to find the animal with as few obstructions in the 

 machine as possible. It is important to select a breed in 

 order that those points may be intensified. 



Notice this cow : the distance between the horn and the 

 eye ; the breadth across the forehead ; the brain capacity ; the 

 immense nostrils, telling of great lung capacity ; the extremely 

 thin spinal column all the way through ; the thin neck ; the 

 withers rising very high ; the high arch ; the large barrel ; the 

 thin shoulder ; the large food capacity ; the udder, which is 

 of good size and shape ; and the milk veins, which tell the 

 story of circulation. I have never been able to find a cow 

 which I thought better illustrated the dairy type than this 

 animal, and the points of similarity between the three are 

 apparent at once. Against that put the round, heavy-quar- 

 tered beef animal, as indicating the opposite type, and be- 

 tween the two extremes you may range all the cows of Massa- 

 chusetts. Towards which will the great majority tend? 



How are we to increase the number of large producers? 

 By the selection of individual cows, then by the selection of 

 the males to be used in breeding. More attention should be 

 given the dairy type of the males. Masculinity first, but 

 that may well end at the shoulders. Let the dairy conforma- 

 tion be manifest in the physical structure of the male. A 

 watchful eye should measure the udder development both of 

 the males and females. Look very carefully to the rudi- 

 mentary teats in the males. The time is coming, I think, when 

 breeders will discard the deep, pendant udder, that is always 

 carried at a loss of nervous energy, and approach what is 

 known as the Ayrshire type. Then there will be less loss of 

 nerve force when in motion. We have all seen some of the 

 best cows waste tremendously because of the force caused by 

 a breaking down of the udder, the tissues giving away as the 

 animal carries such an enormous amount of milk. The udder 

 I have mentioned will be higher behind, broad on the surface, 



