No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. 503 



keep draughts from the cattle, fresh air should either be 

 admitted high up, or should be directed upwards so as to 

 become tempered before it falls. By directing up toward 

 the ceiling, by admitting it in small openings, and by break- 

 ing up draughts and currents of air by louvre boards, air will 

 be diffused through the building, and large quantities of air 

 can be admitted without causing any appreciable draughts or 

 other ill effects. 



A good method of introducing fresh air is by wooden pipes 

 or boxes placed below the floor opening outside, and having 

 the external opening screened to keep out the dust. These 

 should communicate with upright boxes opening well up in 

 the barn, the opening directed upward and broken up with 

 louvre boards, or screens, or netting at the top to break up 

 the current of air and distribute it. 



Ventilators, or openings for the foul air to escape, should 

 always be at the highest part of the roof. The openings 

 should be protected so that the wind will not blow down and 

 check the upward current of foul air, but the wind should be 

 utilized so as to cause a partial vacuum on the lee of the 

 building, or ventilator ; the vacuum thus caused will have a 

 tendency to suck the foul air up and out of the barn. 

 Thorough ventilation is of course much easier to accomplish 

 when the building is heated by artificial means ; but by 

 taking advantage of the wind and the natural warmth of the 

 barn, much can be accomplished even without artificial heat. 



One of the best points in the Millwood Farm buildings is 

 the good window space. In building barns, owners should 

 remember that they cannot have too much light, and win- 

 dows do not add enough to the cost of the building to coun- 

 terbalance their great benefit. 



A practical point in the arrangement of this barn is placing 

 the calf pens next the window, and in this way protecting 

 them from being broken by the horns of the passing cows. 



The floors, and especially the manure gutter of barns, 

 should always be tight ; otherwise the liquid manure will 

 saturate the floor below the barn, besides wasting a valuable 

 fertilizer. As a matter of economy, if for no other reason, 

 arrangements should always be made either for the absorp- 

 tion of the liquid portion or for carrying it to a tank or 



