APPENDIX. 27 



of white oak, well ironed, with three tines in nearly 

 a right line, made of the best Swedes iron, one and 

 a half inches square, extending twelve inches below 

 the beam, with a spur at the foot, some less than that 

 of the tine of the cultivator, with strong handles and 

 an iron beam extending from each handle to the 

 centre of the beam, by which the balance is easily 

 preserved. This implement, drawn by two yoke of 

 oxen, followed the drill plough in getting in carrots, 

 and performed the work better than I had anticipated. 

 The '■'■upper crwsf gave way, the resistance made 

 by the hard gravelly bottom and smaller stones was 

 readily overcome. The earth was loosened in most 

 places twelve or fourteen inches from the surface, 

 and though not so thoroughly pulverized as it pro- 

 bably would have been by a perfect subsoil plough, 

 yet, in my very hard stony subsoil, I am inclined 

 to believe, that for simple drill husbandry, this will 

 be found to be a valuable substitute for the English 

 subsoil plough. And considering the small price of 

 the implement, and the greater ease with which it is 

 worked, the friction being much lessened by dispen- 

 sing with the sole, I shall continue to use this until 

 I can find a better. A part of my crop of carrots 

 was sowed upon the same land, appropriated to that 

 crop last year; no more manure was applied than in 

 the previous year, and notwithstanding the very se- 

 vere drought which greatly injured most of our root 

 crops, my crop on this piece of land was nearly 

 double to that of last year. There is no known 

 cause to which I can attribute this great increase of 

 the produce, but the use of my new constructed 

 substitute for a subsoil plough. The soil was stirred 

 to the depth of fourteen inches, by this means the 

 roots of the carrots were enabled to strike deep and 

 thereby not only to find more nourishment, but to 

 overcome, in a great measure, the effects of a very 

 pinching drought. With great respect, your ob't. 

 servant, 



E. PHINNEY. 



