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was spread upon the grass-land opposite each tree, and the 

 whole plowed and planted with corn and potatoes. In 1855^ 

 the whole was planted with cow or stover corn without 

 manure. In 1856, about 18 or 20 loads of manure, including 

 two loads of leached ashes, were spread upon the whole field 

 of one and half acres, and again planted with stover corn* 

 In 1857, the whole was again planted with stover corn and 

 without manure, thus using manure in alternate years only. 

 My trees have been washed from once to three times each 

 year, either with soap suds, potash water, or a solution of 

 urine from the barn ceiler, mixed with clay. But notwith- 

 standing the repeated washings of all things and every 

 thing that I read or think of, the Borer does his work to a 

 greater or less extent, and the only sure preventive that I 

 have found to check his ravages, is simply to follow him witji 

 the pruning knife and wire. 



Orchard No. 2. that I offer for premium, consisting of fifty- 

 three trees, mainly Baldwins, was transplanted in the spring 

 of 1851. The process of making the holes, manuring, &c. 

 was nearly the same as in orchard No. 1, and the whole 

 seeded to grass with oats, care being taken the first and second 

 years to prevent grass roots and tree roots from occupying 

 the same ground. In 1853, a few hills of potatoes were culti- 

 vated near the trees, and thus the patato plat has been in- 

 creased each year, so that at present the space occupied by 

 the potatoes is nearly a square rod, giving ample room for 

 the tree roots to grow without being injured by grass roots. 



Two opinions seem to prevail in relation to plowing 

 orchards; one, that the ground should be plowed quite 

 shallow, just turning the surface or simply using the culti- 

 vator, and that the small fangs from the roots should not be 

 severed from the root, as these little fangs with their thou- 

 sand mouths imbibe all the nutritious substances in the soil 

 that goes to the growth and nourishment of the tree; while 

 others contend that orchards should be plowed with a sharp 

 plow and deep, and a benefit is the result by cutting off the 

 small fangs or rootlets from the main root, as two or three 



