ORCHAIIDS 



105 



The trunks of these trees have been washed with 

 potash water, strong soap suds or ashes and water, twice 

 a year ; nevertheless, the borer has left the marks of 

 his depredations, particularly on those where the grass 

 or grain was allowed to grow around them for one or 

 two years. Where the whole ground has been kept 

 under constant cultivation, the borer has seldom found 

 a lodgment. To insure the best growth of the trees 

 and for the prevention of the ravages of the borer, I 

 am satisfied that the whole surface of a young orchard 

 should be kept cultivated and manured, for some hoed 

 cTop. And even in an orchard of old trees the increased 

 quantity, and improved quality of the fruit will amply 

 repay the farmer for keeping the whole soil under good 

 tillage. 



The trees in this orchard, when originally set out, were 

 all Baldwins except one Williams' Red, three Danvers 

 Sweet, two Hubbardstons, and four Roxbury Russets^ 

 To have some varietif of fruit, and also to test the 

 quality of some other kinds, more or less approved, I 

 have changed the tops of about 30 of them by ingraft- 

 ing one or more with each of the following varieties 

 viz : Williams' Early Red, Peck's Pleasant, Gravenstein 

 Early Sweet Bough, Seaver Sweet, Washington Sweet, 

 E. I. Greening, Early Harvest, Leland Spice, Shirlej, 

 Canada Reinette, Red Astrachan, Minister, Holmes, 

 Holden, Ladies Sweet, Mother, Jewett's Red, Hunt's 

 Russett, American Golden Russett, and Northern Spy. 

 The process of grafting I commenced four years ago, 

 and occupied three years, changing one-third of each 

 tree in a year, beginning at the top. The growth of 

 the trees has been somewhat retarded by grafting, the 

 K L Greening, William's Red, and Early Harvest, being 

 the least affected in that way. 



