758 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA. 



Alleghenian to Louisianiau area. Canada and Northwest Territory ; New England 

 west to Nebraska; south to the Gulf from Florida to Texas; west to California. 



ALABAMA: Over the State. Cultivated and waste ground. .Inly to October ; com- 

 mon everywhere. Most abundant in rich bottom lands and prairies. Annual. 



Type locality : " Grows naturally in North America." 



Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. 



Xaiithium spinosum L. Sp. PI. 2 : 987. 1753. 



Ell. Sk. 2 :479. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 274. Chap. Fl. 224. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 

 253. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 210. 



TROPICAL AMERICA, EUROPE. 



Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Naturalized in the greater river valleys and 

 along railroads from the coast of southern Massachusetts to the District of Colum- 

 bia, Ohio, and Missouri, and from Florid.* to Texas. 



ALABAMA: Over the State. Waste places, waysides, Tennessee Valley. Morgan 

 County, Decatur. Montgomery and Mobile counties. August to October. Annual. 



Type locality : " Hab. in Lusitania." 



Herb. Geol. Snrv. Herb. Mohr. 



CARDUACEAE. Thistle Family. 

 VERNONIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 2 : 541. 1791. 



Four hundred and fifty to 500 species, perennials. Africa, Asia; about one-half in 

 wanner America. North America, 12. Atlantic, 11. 



Veruoiiia gigantea (Walt.) Brittou; Kearney, Bull. Torr.Clnb,20: 485. 1893. In part. 



IRONWRKD. 



Chrysocoma gigantea Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 1788. 



Vernonia altissima Nutt. Gen. 2 : 134. 1818. 



Ell. Sk. 2 : 289. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 238. Chap. Fl. 188. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2 : 90, 

 in part. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 175. 



Carolinian and Louisiauiau areas. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas; 

 south from West Virginia to Tennessee and Florida; west to Louisiana and Texas. 



ALABAMA: Mountain region to Coast plain. Low borders of lields, openings, pas- 

 tures. Clay County, Elders, 1,000 feet; Moseley, on bottom lands of Talladega 

 Creek. Mobile County, August, September. A common weed; the form with larger 

 heads and the leaves tomentose-pubeseent beneath (V.praealla Michx.) prevailing 

 in the low country, 4 to 6 feet high. 



Type locality: South Carolina. 



Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. 



Vernonia maxima Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 27 : 280. 1900. 



Erect, 3 to 9 feet high, branching above; leaves narrowly elliptical to lanceolate, 

 acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole, subsessile, 4 to 7 inches long, sharply ser- 

 rate, glabrous or slightly pubescent; involucre hemispheric, rounded at the base, 

 about i\ inch high, the ovate, acute or more or less mucronate, ciliate bracts 

 appressed. Heretofore confounded with the closely related }'. yigantca, which 

 differs from it in the longer involucre narrowed at the base, with the bracts more, or 

 less spreading. 



Carolinian and Louisianiau areas. Western Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri, 

 western Florida (Mohr t y- ('h(iinnan), Mississippi. 



ALABAMA: Mountain region. Dry copses, borders of woods. Cull man County, 

 October, 1896. Not frequent. 



Type locality : " In low ground, Ohio to Missouri, south to Alabama ami Louisi- 

 ana." 



Vernonia fasciculata M ichx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 94. 1803. 



FASCICULATK-I LOWERED VERNOMA. 



Gray, Man. ed. 6, 238. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 1, pt. 2: 90. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 

 2 : 175. 



Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Michigan west to Minnesota, Dakota, and 

 Nebraska; southern Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas; south along the moun- 

 tains from Tennessee to upper Georgia. 



ALABAMA: Mountain region. Shady thickets, woods. Lee County, Auburn 

 (Baker $ Earle, 187). Calhonn County, Aunision mountainous woods, 1,000 feet 

 altitude. Talladega County, near Keulroe, 1,000 feet altitude. Clay County, bot- 

 tom of Talladega Creek. Elders, Delta, 1,000 to 1,700 feet altitude. Flowers pale 



