SHRUBS. 21 



30. Leaves dentate. Aucuba. 

 Leaves crenate. Evonymus. 

 Leaves serrate. Viburnum. 



Leaves whorled. 



31. Leaves very small, dagger-like. Juniperus. 

 Leaves large, not dagger-like.- 32. 



32. Leaves revolute. Kalmia. 

 Leaves inrolled at base. Gardenia. 



33. At least with some prickles or spines. 34. 

 Unarmed, though sometimes harshly bristly. 61. 



Deciduous Shrubs Armed. 



34. Leaves alternate or in alternate clusters. 35. 

 Leaves opposite, or separated in 4 ranks. 58. 



Leaves alternate. 



35. With prickles only. 36. 



With pungent stipules (at the side of the leaf-base), 



sometimes also with prickles. 41. 

 With pungent leaves (standing below the buds or 



leafy spurs). 46. 

 With pungent twigs or spurs (above the leaf). 48. 



36. Leaves simple, lobed. Ribes. 

 Leaves compound. 37. 



37. Leaves digitate or appearing so. 38. 

 Leaves pinnate. 39. 



38. Leaflets sessile, glabrous. Acanthopanax. 

 Leaflets stalked, usually hairy and sharp-toothed. Rubus. 



39 Leaves once-pinnate. 40. 



Leaves bipinnate. Aralia. 



40. Leaves disarticulating from the stem. Rosa. 

 Petioles breaking above the base. Rubus. 



41. Leaves simple. 42. 

 Leaves compound. 43. 



42. Fruit dry, winged. Paliurus. 

 Fruit fleshy. Zizyphus. 



43. Leaves with translucent dots, aromatic. Zanthoxylum. 

 Leaves not aromatic. 44. 



