]?AGACEA. 65 



rather 3-sided homogeneous pith ; alternate 2-ranked somewhat 

 raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 simple or compound bun- 

 dle-traces ; narrow stipule-scars nearly meeting around the twig ; 

 fusiform pungent long and obliquely spreading buds with many 

 scales ; rather low-toothed moderate stalked leaves often clus- 

 tered on spurs ; small monoecious apetalous flowers in stalked 

 head-like axillary catkins ; and small 3-sided brown nuts solitary 

 in bristly dehiscent husks. 



1. Leaves rather blunt, minutely toothed. 2. 



Leaves sharply toothed. (American beech). F. grandifolia. 

 Leaves lobed. 5. 



2. Round-topped. 3. 



Pyramidal. F. sylvatica pyramidalis. 

 Weeping. 4. 



3. Leaves green. (European beech). F. sylvatica. 

 Leaves yellow. F. sylvatica Zlatia. 

 Leaves purple. F. sylvatica purpurea. 



4. Leaves purple. F. sylvatica purpurea pendula. 

 Leaves green. F. sylvatica pendula. 



5. Bark dark, rough. F. sylvatica quercoides. 

 Bark gray, smooth. 6. 



6. Leaves rather sinuate. F. sylvatica quercifolia. 

 Leaves moderately incised. F. sylvatica incisa. 

 Leaves very deeply incised. F. sylvatica heterophylla, 



CASTANEA. Chestnut. 



Deciduous shrubs or mostly trees with fissured gray bark; 

 rather soft brown wood with very large ducts crowded in the 

 spring growth and minute ducts in flame-shaped patterns in the 

 summer growth, and very fine medullary rays ; moderately stout 

 usually fluted moderate twigs ; angled homogeneous pale pith ; 

 alternate moderate crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars 

 with a number of bundle-traces scattered or unequally clustered 

 in 3 groups ; unequal stipule-scars ; ovoid solitary sessile buds 

 the terminal sometimes absent, with about 2 exposed scales ; 

 simple rather large stalked sharply serrate leaves ; small 

 monoecious apetalous flowers, the staminate in catkins, and 



