714 MAMMALIA [OH. 



quite clear; just as the Marmot may be described as a ground-squirrel, 

 so Man may be described as a ground-ape. In the warm Miocene 

 Epoch a luxuriant forest covered a large part of Europe and Asia and 

 in this forest Simiidae abounded, and remains of genera intermediate 

 between the Gibbon and Chimpanzee have been found in France. In 

 succeeding Pliocene and Pleistocene times the climate became colder, 

 the mountains were covered with glaciers, the forest receded and 

 was replaced by steppes over which roamed myriads of grazing 

 animals. Under these circumstances, the more enterprising Simiidae 

 descended from the trees and began to assemble in troops to chase 

 the smaller animals they found on the plains and so Man was 

 evolved. He is a product of the Glacial Epoch. 



The Human species is divided into a great many races which are 

 more distinct from one another than allied species in other groups 

 of animals, but all of which so far as is known are more or less 

 fertile amongst each other. They differ in the shape of the skull 

 which may be broad (brachycephalic) or long (dolichocephalic) in 

 the hair which may be curly, wavy or lanky, in stature and the 

 proportions of the limbs. We cannot in this short treatise describe 

 all these races ; many of these such as the Esquimaux, the Bushmen 

 and the Australians, are represented by small numbers and are dying 

 remnants of primitive man, but we must briefly refer to the great 

 dominant races which make up the bulk of the world's population. 

 These are : 



(1) The Negroes, dark skinned, dolichocephalic, curly haired 

 people with thick skulls and weak ankles which form the bulk of 

 the population in Equatorial Africa and also inhabit the larger 

 islands of the Malay Archipelago where they are called Melanesians; 

 they have never evolved a native civilization. 



(2) The Mongols, yellow-skinned brachycephalic lanky haired 

 people with slit-like eyes; these include all the Chinese and 

 Japanese as well as the less civilized and wandering tribes of Siberia 

 and the Malays who inhabit the Western part of the Malay Archi- 

 pelago. The natives of North America or Amerinds are supposed 

 to be an offshoot of this race distinguished by an arched nose and 

 slit-like nostrils. 



(3) The Alpine race, brachycephalic people with lanky or wavy 

 hair, short in stature, a race resembling the Mongols but distinguished 

 by lighter complexion and abundant hair. This race originated in 

 Western Asia but invaded Europe in prehistoric times subjugating 

 the previous inhabitants. They form the bulk of the people of 

 central Europe; the Russian and German peasantry as also those of 



