18 THE HUMAN BODY. 



tissues and organs. In the lowest animals every cell is 

 concerned in feeling, and moving, and catching food, and 

 digesting, and breathing ; in higher animals different cells 

 are set apart in different organs for the execution of each 

 of these separate functions. 



Results of a division of labor. From the division of 

 employments in advanced communities, several important 

 consequences result. In the first place, when every one 

 devotes his time mainly to one kind of work, all kinds of 

 work are better done : the man who always makes boots 

 becomes much more expert than the man who is engaged 

 on other things also : he can not only make more boots in 

 a given time, but he can make better boots ; and so in 

 other cases. In the second place, when various employ- 

 ments are distributed among different persons there arises 

 a necessity for a new kind of industry in order to convey 

 that part of the special produce of any given individual 

 which may be in excess of the needs of himself and his 

 family to others .who may want it, and to bring him in 

 return such of their excess production as he may need. 

 The conveyance of food from the country to cities, and of 

 manufactures to agricultural districts, are examples of 

 this sort of labor in civilized communities. Finally, there 

 is developed a necessity for arrangements by which, at 

 any given time, the activity of individuals shall be regu- 

 lated in accordance Avith the wants of the whole community 

 or of the world at large. This sort of regulation is still 



What do we find all cells doing in the lowest animals ? How do 

 higher animals differ in this respect ? 



How does a division of labor influence the quantity of work done 

 by a man ? How the quality ? Illustrate. What new kinds of 

 employment arise when a division of labor becomes developed in a 

 nation ? Illustrate. 



