170 THE HUMAN BODY. 



Note the form of the latter organ ; its projection (fundus) to the 

 left of the entry of the gullet; its great and small curvatures; its 

 narrower pyloric portion on the right, from which the small intestine 

 proceeds. Attached to the stomach, and hanging down over the other 

 abdominal viscera, notice a thin membrane, the amentum. 



Follow and unravel the coils of the small intestine, spreading out 

 as far as possible the delicate membrane (mesentery) which slings it. 

 In the mesentery are numerous bands of fat, running in which will 

 be seen blood-vessels and lacteals. 



The termination of the small intestine by opening into the side of 

 the large. Observe the caecum or blind end of the latter, projecting 

 on one side of the point of entry of the small intestine; on the other 

 side follow the large intestine until it ends at the anal aperture, cut- 

 ting away the front of the pelvis to follow its terminal portion (rec- 

 tum). The portion between the caecum and the rectum is the colon. 



Spread out the portion of the mesentery lying in the concavity of 

 the first coil (duodenum) of the small intestine; in it will be seen a 

 thin branched glandular mass, the pancreas. 



Observe the portal vein entering the under side of the liver by 

 several branches. Alongside it will be seen the gall-duct, formed by 

 the union of two main branches, and proceeding, as a slender tube, 

 to open into the duodenum about an inch and a half from the pyloric 

 orifice of the stomach. 



Note the spleen: an elongated red body lying in the mesentery, 

 behind and to the left of the stomach. 



Divide the gullet at the top of the neck, and the rectum close to 

 the anus, and severing mesenteric bands, etc., by which intermediate 

 portions of the alimentary canal are fixed, remove the whole tube; 

 then cutting away the mesentery, spread it out at full length, and 

 note the relative length and diameter of its various parts. The whole 

 is seven or eight times as long as the head and trunk of the animal, 

 and the small intestine forms by far the longest part of it. 



Open the stomach ; note that the mucous membrane lining the fun- 

 dus is thin and smooth, and is sharply marked off from the thick 

 corrugated mucous membrane lining the rest of the organ. (This is 

 not the case in the human stomach.) Pass probes through the car- 

 diac orifice into the gullet and through the pyloric orifice into the 

 duodenum. 



Remove the liver; note its general form. 



Obtain from your butcher an inch or two of the small intestine 

 of a recently killed calf. Place in 50 per cent, alcohol for twenty- 

 four hours. Then open under water and examine with a hand lens to 

 see the villi, 



