LESSON VII 



SACCHAROMYCES 



EVERY one is familiar with the appearance of the ordinary 

 brewer's yeast the light-brown, muddy, frothing substance 

 which is formed on the surface of the fermenting vats in 

 breweries and is used in the manufacture of bread to make 

 the dough " rise." 



Examined under the microscope yeast is seen to consist 

 of a fluid in which are suspended immense numbers of 

 minute particles, the presence of which produces the mud- 

 diness of the yeast. Each of these bodies is a unicellular 

 organism, the yeast-plant, or in botanical language Sac- 

 char omyces cerevisice. 



Saccharomyces consists of a globular or ellipsoidal mass 

 of protoplasm (Fig. 12), about T Jy- mm. in diameter, and 

 surrounded with a delicate cell-wall of cellulose (c, c.w.). 

 In the protoplasm are one or more non-contractile vacuoles 

 (vac) mere spaces rilled with fluid and varying according to 

 the state of nutrition of the cell. Granules also occur in 

 the protoplasm which are products of metabolism, some 

 of them being of a proteid material, others fat globules. 

 Under ordinary circumstances no nucleus is to be seen : 

 but recently, by the employment of a special mode of 



