4 SYLVICULTURE. 



Scots Pine, not reckoning the minor indigenous trees and 

 shrubs found casually in highwoods or grown in coppices and 

 underwoods, such as Cherry, Rowan, Sallow, Field Maple, 

 Hazel, &c. Many valuable trees now thoroughly naturalised 

 were introduced by the Romans, including English Elm, 

 Chestnut, Lime, Black Poplar, White Poplar, and Horse- 

 Chestnut ; while subsequent introductions have been, in fifteenth 

 century, Crack Willow, Sycamore, and Spruce ; in sixteenth 

 century, the Maritime Pine; in seventeenth century, Silver 

 Fir, Norway Maple, and Robinia ; in eighteenth century, Larch, 

 Weymouth and Corsican Pines, and American Black Poplar ; 

 in nineteenth century, Austrian Pine, Nordmann's and Great 

 Silver Firs, Douglas Fir, Menzies Spruce, Lawson's and Large- 

 coned Cypresses, Red Cedar (Thuja gigantea), Japanese Larch ; 

 and in twentieth century, the American Larch. Though the 

 countries to which the above are indigenous exhibit marked 

 differences in climate, yet these trees can all thrive here as wood- 

 land crops worked purely on commercial principles for the 

 growing of marketable timber. For poor land the conifers are 

 on the whole the most valuable, being less exacting and more 

 accommodative as regards soil, and also usually attaining sale- 

 able size sooner than broad-leaved trees, and especially some of the 

 hardwoods (e.g., Oak). This means not only earlier returns, but 

 also less capital (land, plus growing timber-crops) being locked 

 up in an industry that even under the most favourable circum- 

 stances is tardy in giving any fair monetary returns. 



From a botanical point of view the trees commonly grown as, or found 

 among, timber-crops may be classified as follows : 



A. BROAD-LEAVED TREES, all deciduous 



(a) Floiuers bisexual or hermaphrodite (both male and female organs in 



same flower). 



I. Fraxinece : (1) Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). 



II. Ulmncece : ( 1 ) English or Small-leaved Elm ( Ulmus campestris] ; 

 (2) Scots or Wych Elm ( Ulmus montana). 



