14 . SYLVICULTURE. 



female catkins single or in small, sessile, short-stalked clusters, 

 each with 1 ovary, 1 style, and 3 stigmas, enclosed in a many- 

 scaled involucre (OAK) : 



(1) Female catkins arranged in 3 or 4 on a long stalk (peduncle) 



15. PEDUNCULATE OAK. 



(2) Female catkins solitary or clustered, and either closely sessile on 



the twig, or borne on a short peduncle about an inch long 



16. DURMAST OR SESSILE OAK. 



2. Male catkins with flowers having a 5- or 6-cleft perianth, and 10 



to 15 stamens 



(1) Male catkins round and pendulous ; female catkins round. 



almost sessile, each flower having 1 ovary crowned by the six 

 small teeth of the perianth, and 3 styles, and with a 4-valved 

 hairy involucre enclosing two or three flowers sessile in centre 

 of catkin . . . .--... . . .17. BEECH. 



(2) Male catkins vejy long and thin, with clusters of flowers 



arranged spirally ; female catkins round, at base of the male 

 catkins, and enclosed by an involucre of bristly scales, with a 

 5- to 8-styled ovary, crowned by a 5- to 8-toothed perianth 



18. SWEET-CHESTNUT. 



3. Male catkins, slender, lateral, cylindrical, and pendulous, with broad 



sessile scales, and flowers having 6 to 12 stamens attached to the 

 base of the bract ; female catkins terminal and loose, each flower 

 with 1 two-celled ovary and 2 styles, and 2 flowers within each 

 scale, each enclosed in a hairy unequally 3-lobed inner scale 

 (involucre) 19. HORNBEAM. 



///. Male catkins cylindrical, usually pendulous, with broad imbricated 

 scales, and with anthers larger than their filaments (Betulaccce). 



1. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Each scale of the male catkin 



with 3 distinct flowers, each with 4 stamens ; female catkins 

 small and ovoid . . . . . . .20. ALDER. 



2. Flowers appearing after the leaves. Male catkins with stalked 



scales, and 6 to 12 stamens within each scale, but not in distinct 

 flowers; female catkins cylindrical . . .21. BIRCH. 



G. FLOWERS UNISEXUAL, ARRANGED IN ERECT OR PENDULOUS CYLINDRICAL 



OR OVAL SILKY -HAIRED CATKINS, BUT DIOECIOUS, i.'e., having the 



male flowers on one tree and the female flowers on another tree 

 (Salicinece) : 



7. Catkins mostly erect and usually silky-haired, with entire catkin- 

 scales ; male flower with 2 (rarely 3 to 5) stamens on long fila- 

 ments and 1 or 2 gland-like inner scales ; female flower solitary 



