IDENTIFICATION FROM FRUITS. 15 



within each scale, naked, with 1 ovary (usually long-stalked) and 

 a forked style 22. WILLOW.* 



II. Catkins pendulous, with jagged catkin - scales ; flowers having a 

 perianth of inner united scales forming a small, flat, oblique cup ; 

 male flower with 8 to<30 stamens, with short, slender filaments 

 and small anthers ; female flower with 1 sessile ovary and a 4- 

 forked style 23. POPLAR.* 



(* The chief species of WILLOW and POPLAE can best be distinguished 

 by their leaves. ) 



IV. IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON BROAD-LEAVED TREES 

 FROM THEIR FRUITS. 



A. FRUIT A 1- SEEDED INDERISCENT NUT (NOT OPENING SPONTANEOUSLY, 

 BUT FALLING OFF WITH THE RIPE SEED). 



/. Nuts solitary, or in clusters, or in Ibose spikes, and wholly or partially 

 enclosed in a more or less cup-shaped involucre or husJc (Cupuliferce). 



1. Each nut having its own involucre. 



(1) Nuts (acorns) large and elliptical, and each surrounded at base 



with a short, hard, cup-shaped husk (OAK) : 

 (a) Acorns somewhat elongated and pointed, either clustered or 

 spiked, above the middle of a flower-stalk (peduncle) 1 to 6 

 inches long . . . .1. PEDUNCULATE OAK. 

 (&) Acorns somewhat short and less pointed, solitary or clustered, 

 either closely sessile on the branch or borne on a short 

 flower-stalk about 1 inch long 



2. SESSILE OR DURMAST OAK. 



(2) Fruiting catkin much elongated, the inner scales being enlarged 



into long, leafy, unequally 3-lobed bracts, each having at- 

 tached to its base a small flat nut . . 3. HORNBEAM. 

 (The HAZEL has fruits usually clustered, each consisting of 

 a large hard -shelled nut, nearly enclosed in a leafy husk un- 

 equally lobed and jagged.) 



2. Two or three nuts enclosed within one capsular involucre opening in 



4 valves. 



(1) Nuts three-cornered and sharp - pointed, and 2 or 3 being 

 enclosed within a hard cupule covered with coarse, short, 

 soft prickles ....... 4. BEECH. 



(3) Nuts large and plano-convex, and 2 or three being enclosed 



within a thick cupule covered with long, thin, interwoven 

 prickles 5. SWEET- CHESTNUT. 



