18 SYLVICULTURE. 



needles encircled at base by a membraneous sheath ; cone-scales 

 narrow, and thickening near tip ; seed ripening in second year 

 after flowering (true PINES) 1. PINE. 



1. Each leaf divided into two needles 



(1) Leaves about 1^ to 2| inches long, cone small (SCOTS PINE). 



(2) Leaves from 3 to 4 inches long, stiff and prickly ; cone medium- 



sized (AUSTRIAN PINE). 



(3) Leaves from 4 to 5 inches long, cone large (CoRSiCAN PINE). 



(4) Leaves from 5 to 6 inches long, cones large and in clusters 



(MARITIME PINE). 



2. Each leaf divided into 5 needles (WEYMOUTH PINE). 



B. CONE-SCALES BROAD, AND THIN AT TIP AND EDGES (true FIRS) : 



1. EVERGREEN TREES with single, sessile, 2- or 4-sided, persistent leaves 



ranged spirally on twigs ; cones ripening in year of flowering : 



(1) Defoliated twigs rough, with prominent leaf-scars ; seed-bracts 



short and not showing above the cone-scales ; cones pendul- 

 ous, and scales persisting after seed is shed . 2. SPRUCE. 



(a) Leaves pointed but not prickly, persisting 3-4 years ; cones 



large and long (COMMON SPRUCE). 



(b) Leaves pointed, prickly and more silvery below, persisting 



2 years ; cones smaller and less compact (MENZIES OR 

 SITKA SPRUCE). 



(2) Leaves 2 . sided, with two white lines along lower surface ; 



defoliated twigs smooth, leaf -scars not prominent; seed- 

 bracts long and pointed, and protruding above cone-scales. 



(a) Leaves stalked, leaf -scars oval ; cones pendulous when ripe, 



and scales persistent . -. . 3. DOUGLAS FIR. 



(o) buds glossy, and rich dark red-brown; leaves usually 



dark -green ; cones larger, less evenly conical, and 



bracts less exserted and reflexed : PACIFIC, OREGON, OR 



COASTAL VARIETY. 



(bb) buds dull, pale, light reddish-brown '; leaves usually light- 

 green ; cones smaller, more evenly [conical, and bracts 

 more exserted and reflexed : COLORADO OR INLAND 



VARIETY. 



(b) Leaves sessile, leaf -scar circular ; cones erect, and scales shed 



with seed in October .... 4. SILVER FIR. 



2. DECIDUOUS TREES, with leaves clustered in tufts on short shoots, 



but single on long shoots ; cones ripening in year of flowering ; 

 seed-bracts short, and not showing above cone-scales ; cone- 

 scales persistent ...... 5, LARCH. 



