ILLUSTRATIONS. XI 



51. Part of Pine branch, showing damage done by caterpillars 



of the Pine Span-worm. Eggs can be seen here and 

 there on the leaves . . .215 



52. Oak Leaf-roller Moth natural size . . . 216 



53. The Larch Mining-Moth (moth, larval covering, cater- 



pillar, pupa all magnified three times) . . 218 



54. Goat-Moth natural size . . . . 220 



55. Pine Sawfly. Caterpillars at work ; on right a cocoon 



(natural size). Damaged twig of Scots Pine . . 222 



56. Cone-like gall of Spruce Aphis * . . . 226 



57. The Larch Aphis sucking sap from the leaves, which get bent 226 



58. Larch Canker ...... 240 



59. Young Beech stem cankered by Nectria ditissima. Young 



Spruce damaged by Nectria curcubitula . . . 242 



60. Damage to crowns of young Pine by Cceoma pinitorquum, 



the abnormal bends being caused by the fungus . 244 



61. Damage caused to Scots Pine by Melampsora pinitorqua 



in its C93oma-form, Cceoma pinitorquum . . . . 244 



62. Willow Rust on Osier ..... 245 



63. Pine-shoot with sporophores of Peridermium pini . . 246 



64. Twig of Spruce attacked by Chrysomyxa abietis . . 247 



65. Leaves infected by Chrysomyxa abietis . . . 247 



66. Rot in Pine caused by Trametes pini . . . 248 



67. Sporophore of Fomes annosus on Scots Pine root . . 249 



68. Young Scots Pine killed by Agaricus melleus .. . 250 



69. (a) Part of a Scots Pine root killed by Agaricus melleus, 



and showing an external rhizomorph penetrating the root 

 at a. (b) Flattened internal rhizomorph from between 

 bark and dead wood . . . . .251 



70. Teeth of Two-handed Saws . . . .281 



71. Felling with Axe alone . . . . . 281 



72. Felling with Axe and Saw . . . . . . 282 



73. Universal Wedge . . . , . . 282 



74. Throwing with Common Jack . . . . 283 



75. The Chain-Lever or Wood-Demon . . . . 283 



76. Method of mooring the Chain to posts . . . 283 



77. Stump-extraction by hook-and-pole leverage . .* 284 



78. Revolving Numbering-Hammer 286 



79. Seed-kiln for extracting Scots Pine seeds from the cones . 290 



80. Forest Tramway ...... 292 



