42 SYLVICULTURE. 



with the Lind," and forms part of the estate ; and when timber 

 is sold on any settled estate the proceeds from the sale of such 

 timber are treated as capital moneys arising under the Settled 

 Lands Act, 1882 (sect. 35), the heir-in-possession only receiving 

 one-fourth thereof; while in Scotland an heir-in-possession 

 of an entailed estate can cut the timber without restriction. 

 But from a sylvicultural point of view, woodlands may be 

 treated according to one or other of the following different 

 methods : 



I. COPPICE or COPSE, reproduced chiefly from stool -shoots, and which 

 may be either 



1. SIMPLE COPPICE, pure or mixed ; or 



2. STORED COPPICE or COPPICE with STANDARDS, preferably raised 



from seed or from suckers. 

 II. HIGHWOODS, which may be renewed either by 



1. CLEAR - FELLING, with artificial regeneration by sowing or plant- 



ing ; or 



2. SUCCESSIVE FALLS or PARTIAL CLEARANCES, which may be either 



(1) OCCASIONAL OR MORE OR LESS REGULAR FALLS THROUGHOUT 



THE WHOLE WOOD, with natural or artificial regenera- 

 tion ; or 



(2) NATURAL REGENERATION IN GROUPS, by felling in patches ; or 



(3) UNIFORM NATURAL REGENERATION, by means of regular partial 



clearances made to stimulate seed-production, utilise good 

 seed-years, and gradually remove the mature parent trees 

 when the young crop has established itself, is no longer 

 in need of protection against frost or scorching, and needs 

 more light and air. 



1. Simple Coppices can be formed of any kind of broad- 

 leaved tree, but no Conifer has sufficient reproductive power 

 to be grown in this way. Sweet-Chestnut, Oak, Lime, Maple, 

 Sycamore, Hornbeam, Ash, Mountain-Ash, Alder, and shrubs 

 like Hazel, Holly, Buckthorn, and Dogwood reproduce them- 

 selves better than Beech, Birch, Sallow, and Aspen, though 

 softwoods often become dominant on moist land. The best 

 coppice crop to grow on any given land and the best period 

 of rotation depend mainly on the market available. 



