48 SYLVICULTURE. 



(Scots Pine on dry sandy places, Austrian Pine on lime, Larch 

 on fresh soil with good natural drainage, Silver and Douglas 

 Firs on fresher land, and Spruces, Cypresses, and Eed Cedar on 

 moist soil). Broad -leaved trees require land of better quality 

 (Oak on clay ; Beech on lime or chalk ; Oak, Ash, Elm, and 

 other hardwoods on loams and mild fresh or moist soil ; and 

 Poplars, Willows, Alders, and Birch where the land is wet, but 

 not water-logged). The local market and demand for one or 

 another kind of wood must influence the choice to a great 

 extent ; but as a rule it is wisest to try to grow the kind of 

 timber for the production of which the given soil and situation 

 seem most suitable. And this, of course, means that wherever 

 the soil and situation show marked differences, different kinds 

 of trees should be planted, with the result that the plantations 

 will become mixed woods formed of larger or smaller groups of 

 trees suited to the given local conditions. These same considera- 

 tions also mainly determine the amount of draining, clearing of 

 surface-growth, soil-preparation, the best method of planting, 

 and the number of plants per acre, and thereby practically fix 

 the total cost of planting per acre. 



But woodland planting of any sort can only be successful 

 when there is a favourable combination of the following factors : 

 (1) a suitable soil and situation, with such drainage and other 

 soil - preparation as may be necessary ; (2) suitable kinds of 

 trees for the given local conditions, and of a suitable size and 

 quality ; (3) a suitable method of planting, and a sufficient 

 number of plants per acre; (4) adequate protection against 

 human acts, live-stock, game, and vermin for some years, till 

 the young plants have thoroughly established themselves ; and 

 (5) immunity from serious damage by late frosts, drought, fire, 

 insects, fungus disease, &c. 



Drainage and Soil-preparation are in most cases necessary to 

 a greater or less extent, both when planting new lands and when 

 old woods are being regenerated either naturally or artificially ; 



