82 SYLVICULTURE. 



coppices can only be cut in May when the bark strips. Standards 

 in copse-woods should be cut immediately after the underwood. 



Conversion of Coppice into Highwood is often desirable. 

 Good saplings from seed or suckers, and the best-grown stool- 

 shoots, should be selected at about 18 or 20 ft. apart and left 

 standing, only the inferior ones being thinned out during any 

 subsequent fall of the coppice. As the standards spread their 

 crowns, the underwood will diminish ; but this cannot be 

 avoided. Stout transplants of Oak, Ash, &c., may also be 

 introduced on suitable land, as seedlings are always best. 

 Another good method is to interplant Larch about 20 ft. apart. 

 They may need some little protection during the first two or 

 three years, but they outgrow the reach of the coppice-shoots, 

 find a favourable environment, and grow up into fine stems. 



2. Highwoods may be renewed by 



(1) Clear- felling, the regeneration being either artificial (by sowing or 

 planting), or else to a greater or less extent natural, by. seed blown over 

 from contiguous woods lying to the windward, or by a few trees being left 

 on the ground as seed-bearers (Scots Pine). 



(2) Successive Partial Clearances, usually confined to definite periodic 

 blocks, with natural regeneration from seed shed by the mature trees before 

 all are finally removed from the area. The various successive falls or 

 partial clearances made for this purpose may be 



(a) Occasional Falls made more or less regularly or irregularly, as to both 

 periodicity of rotation and extent of fall, by removing mature or for 

 any cause undesirable trees here and there throughout a whole wood. 



(6) Natural Regeneration in Groups, consisting in the simultaneous 

 clearance of small patches throughout a whole crop of woodland to 

 form numerous small family groups of seedlings, which are 

 gradually enlarged till the whole area is regenerated. 



(c) Simultaneous or Uniform Natural Regeneration, consisting in making 

 partial clearances uniformly over a whole block of woodland, good 

 seed-years being utilised to produce, simultaneously, a more or less 

 homogeneous young crop of seedlings over the whole block of 

 woodland. 



Occasional falls are most suitable for ornamental woods and 

 broad shelter - belts ; regeneration in groups or patches for 



