RENEWAL. 83 



any woods of broad - leaved trees and for Silver Fir ; and 

 uniform natural regeneration by successive partial clearances 

 before, during, and after the good seed-years, for Beech, Scots 

 Pine, and probably also Douglas Fir, Cypresses, and Eed 

 Cedar. Where blank spaces remain by any of these three 

 different methods, they can be -filled by planting the kinds 

 of trees best suited to the soil and situation. 



(1) Clear-felling is usual in Britain, except in Beech, Oak, 

 and some Scots Pine woods, the whole of the mature crop being 

 clear-felled, and the area prepared for planting as soon as 

 possible. But where the Pine-weevil is to be feared, Conifer 

 stumps must be grubbed or replanting delayed for 3 to 4 years, 

 till the dry stumps no longer attract the beetle. 



(2) In Successive Partial Clearances the young crop is 

 raised from seed shed by parent trees forming the mature crop, 

 which both furnish the seed and protect the young seedlings 

 against heat, drought, frost, weeds, &c., until the young plants 

 can thrive without further protection, or may even require more 

 light, dew, &c. 



(a) Occasional Falls made annually or at intervals of five 

 or ten years, are the best way of dealing with woods of a more 

 or less ornamental character ; because this method changes their 

 general appearance least, gives the best protection against wind, 

 and offers good opportunity for making picturesque mixtures of 

 trees by planting. In extensive woods worked thus, consider- 

 able regularity may be attained by dividing the woods into five 

 or ten blocks and going over one each year, to remove as many 

 of the mature, badly grown, unhealthy or otherwise undesirable 

 trees as seems necessary. 



(b) Natural Regeneration in Groups consists in clearing 

 small patches here and there all over the area to be regenerated, 

 and then gradually extending these clearances as seedlings 

 establish themselves. The conditions requisite for success are 

 that the trees must be firm against wind and the seedlings shade- 



