84 SYLVICULTURE. 



enduring, e.g., Beech, Sycamore, Ash, Douglas and Silver Firs, 

 Cypresses, Red Cedar, and Spruce in sheltered places. 



(c) Simultaneous or Uniform Natural Regeneration through- 

 out a whole mature crop is the usual way of regenerating Oak 

 and Beech woods in France and Germany, and is also extensively 

 applied to Scots Pine ; and it is more or less (though not quite 

 so systematically) the system applied to Oak, Beech, and Pine 

 in Britain, where it might easily be greatly extended with much 

 advantage. On the Continent there are three different stages of 

 partial clearance in the mature crop (1) A preparatory fall, to 

 hasten humification of dead foliage, if the woods are in close 

 canopy ; (2) a seeding fall, to stimulate seed-production by giving 

 the tree-crowns more light and warmth ; (3) gradual clearance of 

 the parent trees, as the young crop requires more light, warmth, 

 and air. But these different partial clearances of the mature 

 crop are not made with fixed regularity, as they vary greatly 

 according to the crop, the soil, and the situation. 



Natural Regeneration of Oak in Britain was originally solely 

 by means of enclosure, with prohibition of grazing ; and this 

 simple method, easy through acorns being usually plentiful 

 every 3 or 4 years, still gives good results in both Oak and 

 Beech woods in the forest of Dean. 



Natural Regeneration of Beech on the Chiltern Hills is 

 generally carried out, with little or no soil - preparation, by 

 gradual clearances extending over about 10 to 20 years, during 

 which regeneration is usually left entirely to chance, as seed- 

 years (which can be foretold in the previous autumn by the 

 thick flower-buds) recur every 7 to 10 years, and the soil is 

 generally favourable to the growth of seedlings. But the 

 Continental methods of assisting nature by herding cattle and 

 swine in the woods, or breaking up the surface-soil to a depth 

 of 4 or 5 ins. with a heavy iron Danish roller-harrow (drawn 

 by 2 horses, and easily riding over tree-stumps and big stones), 

 or hoeing strips of about 1 J to 2 ft. broad at distances of from 



