WOODLAND PRODUCE. 105 



expressed either in cubic contents of timber or in their money 

 value the former being most convenient for the practical oper- 

 ations and the latter the better for fixing the best rotation for 

 working, after comparing one method with another as to prob- 

 able profit. The capital required is much smaller for coppices 

 worked with, say, 12 to 15 years' rotation than for highwoods 

 worked with 60 to 100 years' rotation. But as coppices, with 

 or without standards, are now not nearly so profitable as they 

 used to be, they are in many cases gradually being converted 

 into highwoods, with or without interplanting. 



Woodland Products may be classed as major produce, in- 

 cluding timber and fuel, and minor produce, including bark, 

 tree-seeds, resin, grazing, &c. The major produce includes both 

 the mature fall or final yield of timber, and the thinnings or 

 intermediate returns which may be obtained from time to 

 time. 



In forestry on a large scale one great object must be to make 

 woods yield given kinds of timber in about equal quantities 

 from year to year. If supplies are irregular in quantity or in 

 quality, the consumer will prefer to get foreign wood from a 

 merchant who can ensure him a steady supply. But the small 

 woods so common in Britain must needs be worked intermit- 

 tently though, even then, measures may be taken to secure a 

 proper amount of thinning, cutting at the best age, and efficient 

 planting or natural regeneration. But these woods produce 

 only a comparatively small amount of timber, and have very 

 little effect upon the normal conditions of supply, demand, 

 and price. 



In extensive woodlands the case is different, for the main 

 aim is to have regular supplies of timber and wood of various 

 sizes in about equal quantities annually. To ensure this, the 

 woodlands must consist of a regular series of crops varying 

 in age from each other either by one year only (as in the 

 clear-felling of annual falls of Pine, Larch, &c.), or else by such 



